Herein we report a self-powered multimodal temperature and force sensor based on the reverse electrowetting effect and the thermogalvanic effect in a liquid droplet. The deformation of the droplet and the temperature difference across the droplet can induce an alternating pulse voltage and a direct voltage, respectively, which is easy to separate/analyze and can be utilized to sense the external force and temperature simultaneously. In addition, an integral display system that can derive information from external temperature/force concurrently is constructed. Combined with advantages of excellent sensing properties and a simple structure, the droplet sensor has promising applications in a wide range of intelligent electronics.
Theoretical studies are presented for the band structures of bulk waves in a two-dimensional composite structure consisting of rectangular piezoelectric ceramics placed periodically in an epoxy substrate. The dependences of the widths and starting frequencies of the first bandgaps (FBGs) on the filling fraction and the ratio of length to width of the embedded section are calculated for different polarized directions of the piezoelectric ceramics and different phononic structures. Our research shows that the FBG depend strongly on the polarized directions, the phononic structures, the filling fraction and the ratio of length to width, respectively. Therefore, one can control the FBG in engineering according to need by choosing these parameters of the system.
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