Currently, the confirmation of diagnosis of breast cancer is made by microscopic examination of an ultra-thin slice of a needle biopsy specimen. This slice is conventionally formalinfixed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and visually examined under a light microscope. This process is labor-intensive and requires highly skilled doctors (pathologists). In this paper, we report a novel tool based on near-infrared spectroscopy (Spectral-IRDx) which is a portable, non-contact, and cost-effective system and could provide a rapid and accurate diagnosis of cancer. The Spectral-IRDx tool performs absorption spectroscopy at nearinfrared (NIR) wavelengths of 850 nm, 935 nm, and 1060 nm. We measure normalized detected voltage (Vdn) with the tool in 10 deparaffinized breast biopsy tissue samples, 5 of which were cancer (C) and 5 were normal (N) tissues. The difference in Vdn at 935 nm and 1060 nm between cancer and normal tissues is statistically significant with p-values of 0.0038 and 0.0022 respectively. Absorption contrast factor (N/C) of 1.303, 1.551, and 1.45 are observed for 850 nm, 935 nm, and 1060 nm respectively. The volume fraction contrast (N/C) of lipids and collagens are reported as 1.28 and 1.10 respectively. Higher absorption contrast factor (N/C) and volume fraction contrast (N/C) signifies higher concentration of lipids in normal tissues as compared to cancerous tissues, a basis for delineation. These preliminary results support the envisioned concept for non-invasive and non-carcinogenic NIR-based breast cancer diagnostic platform, which will be tested using a larger number of samples.
Extragonadal teratomas are rarely encountered in infants and children. These tumors are reported in retroperitoneum, floor of the mouth, mediastinum, craniofacial region or even in the solid organs of the body. Most of the gluteal teratomas reported in the literature are in fact, lateralized sacrococcygeal teratomas. We are reporting a case of unilateral big gluteal teratoma in a 6-year-old girl. The tumor did not have any connection with the sacrum or coccyx and was successfully removed. Histology showed well-differentiated bowel as well as fetiform structures.
BACKGROUND: Japanese B encephalitis is an important public health problem, mainly in the districts of upper Assam. MRI Brain with its conventional T2/FLAIR sequences as well as DWI & ADC mapping can clearly depict the site & extent of involvement of different parts of the brain along with any associated coinfections. Especially DWI sequence shows findings that closely follows the pathological changes of the encephalitic process. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Japanese B encephalitis in pediatric age group with MRI Brain. METHODS: It is a retrospective descriptive observational study carried out on AES cases referred to our department from Pediatric department for MRI Brain during January-September 2015. All cases were evaluated as per following protocol. Axial T1-weighted (T1-W) & T2-weighted (T2-W), axial & coronal fluid-attenuated inversion recovery pulse image (FLAIR), axial GRE/SWI and axial Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with ADC (Apparent diffusion coefficient) sequences were taken. In cases where contrast study was indicated, post contrast T1-W fat saturated (T1FS) sequence in axial, coronal and saggital planes were taken. Serological tests, i.e., MAC ELISA and VNT, for the diagnosis of JE were done by using paired blood & CSF samples. RESULTS: Out of the 24 cases referred for MRI evaluation, JE was confirmed serologically in 21 patients. Most of the cases showed symmetrical T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in bilateral Thalami & Substantia nigra. CONCLUSION: Japanese B Encephalitis is the most common & important cause of AES in this region of Upper Assam, especially in pediatric age group mainly in the rainy season. MRI could detect the disease process as efficiently as that of serological and CSF studies along with its coinfections.
Introduction : Till the 20th century deficiency of vitamin D which is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to UVB light was largely unknown. But today vitamin D deficiency has taken an epidemic form and is linked with many disease conditions. Several studies have put forward a very high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Indians of all age groups. Aims and objectives : To study the vitamin D status of people visiting a tertiary care centre in India. Materials and Methods : This is a prospective observational study conducted in the Biochemistry section of Central Clinical Laboratory of Gauhati Medical College & Hospital (GMCH). All the vitamin D reports generated in the laboratory for a period of 9 months were recorded and analysed to estimate the prevalence. Similar to other vitamin D studies, 20ng/ml was taken as the cut-off for vitamin D deficiency, 30ng/ml for insufficiency, and 30-100ng/ml as the normal vitamin D range. Results and Observations : In this study Vitamin D data of 1000 patients admitted in GMCH was analysed. Of them females outnumbered males (68.7% vs 31.3%). Of the 1000 vitamin D reports analysed 51.9% were found to be in the insufficient range, followed by 30.1% in the normal range. In 17.5% vitamin D levels were found to be deficient Vitamin D status was found to be lower in females as compared to males. 86.75% of females were either vitamin D deficient or insufficient and 71.88% of males were either deficient or insufficient. Conclusion : In this study 17.5% of study subjects had vitamin D level <20ng/ml, which may be considered as deficient, as per the Institute of Medicine(IOM) which considers a serum vitamin D value of 20 ng/ml as optimal. According to the U.S. Endocrine Society 30 ng/ml is optimal. Due to this variation the recommended daily intakes of this nutrient also vary.
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