Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widely endemic helminthic disease caused by infection with metacestodes (larval stage) of the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm and transmitted by dogs. E. granulosus are common parasites in certain parts of the world, and are present on every continent with the exception of Antarctica. As a result, a large number of people are affected by CE. In humans, the disease is characterized by slowly growing cyst commonly occurring in liver and lungs. Clinical features are mainly right upper quadrant pain, feeling of lump and enlarged tender liver. The cyst may be complicated by infection or rupture and may lead to anaphylactic reaction. The diagnosis depends on clinical suspicion. They appear in two ways as general (systemic) symptoms, and local symptoms based on the site and organ on which the larva settles. While cysts sometimes recover spontaneously, more severe clinical presentations are observed in immunosuppressed individuals. Ultrasonography supported by serology is the main diagnostic modality. The treatment varies from surgical intervention to minimally invasive treatments (percutaneous drainage) or medical therapies. Surgery is still the best treatment modality. Percutaneous drainage of the cyst is a good option in selected cases. New sensitive and specific diagnostic methods and effective therapeutic approaches against echinococcosis have been developed in the last 10 years.
Congenital anterior urethral diverticulum (CAUD) is an uncommon condition in children. We describe 2 patients of CAUD who presented with ventral penile swelling; in one, the site of swelling was just proximal to corona which is quite rare. The diagnosis was made on USG and MCU. Both patients had normal renal function. Open diverticulectomy and primary repair was done in both patients.
HighlightsTrichobezoar leading to Rapunzel syndrome is an extremely rare entity.The clinical presentation is usually vague and non-specific but psychiatric illness is the usual association.Treatment is mainly surgical because of delayed presentation in majority of the cases.Treatment should focus on prevention of recurrence, apart from removal of the mass.So, in addition to the acute surgical treatment, parental counselling, neuropsychiatric treatment, follow-up and behavioural therapy of the patient should be continued to prevent recurrence.
HighlightsAdenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is a rare type of primary breast cancer accounting for less than 0.1% of all primary breast cancers.Unlike other triple negative breast cancers that are associated with poor prognosis, ACC has an overall excellent prognosis.Mammographically, these tumors may appear as asymmetric densities or irregular masses. Sonographically, they appear as well-defined, irregular, heterogeneous, or hypoechoic masses. Nonetheless, the radiographic findings are non-specific and can be misdiagnosed as benign lesions. Subsequently, it could be challenging for a radiologist to make the correct diagnosis of carcinoma without histologic confirmation.Due to the rarity of the tumor and large variations in the patterns of practice, guidelines for treatment have not been established. Because of these distinct clinicopathologic features that set it apart from the other triple negative breast cancers, an understanding of ACC of the breast is essential for surgical pathologists, breast surgeons, and oncologists.
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