BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends 1‐time hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening of all baby boomers (born 1945–1965). However, little is known about optimal ways to implement HCV screening, counseling, and linkage to care. We developed strategies following approaches used for HIV to implement baby boomer HCV screening in a hospital setting and report results as well as costs. DESIGN/PATIENTS Prospective cohort of 6140 baby boomers admitted to a safety‐net hospital in South Texas from December 1, 2012 to January 31, 2014 and followed to December 10, 2014. PROCEDURES/MEASUREMENTS The HCV screening program included clinician/staff education, electronic medical record algorithm for eligibility and order entry, opt‐out consent, anti‐HCV antibody test with reflex HCV RNA, personalized inpatient counseling, and outpatient case management. Outcomes were anti‐HCV antibody‐positive and HCV RNA–positive results. RESULTS Of 3168 eligible patients, 240 (7.6%) were anti‐HCV positive, which was more likely (P < 0.05) for younger age, men, and uninsured. Of 214 (89.2%) patients tested for HCV RNA, 134 (4.2% of all screened) were positive (chronic HCV). Among patients with chronic HCV, 129 (96.3%) were counseled, 108 (80.6%) received follow‐up primary care, and 52 (38.8%) received hepatology care. Five patients initiated anti‐HCV therapy. Total costs for start‐up and implementation for 14 months were $286,482. CONCLUSIONS This inpatient HCV screening program diagnosed chronic HCV infection in 4.2% of tested patients and linked >80% to follow‐up care. Yet access to therapy is challenging for largely uninsured populations, and most programmatic costs of the program are not currently covered. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:510–516. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine

Low-income populations are disproportionately affected by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Thus, implementing baby boomer screening (born 1945-1965) for HCV may be a high priority for safety net hospitals. We report the prevalence and predictors of HCV infection and advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis based on the Fibrosis-4 score plus imaging for a baby boomer cohort admitted to a safety net hospital over a 21-month interval with >9 months of follow-up. Anti-HCV antibody testing was performed for 4582, or 90%, of all neverscreened patients, of whom 312 (6.7%) tested positive. Adjusted odds ratios of testing anti-HCV-positive were 2.66 for men versus women (P < 0.001), 1.25 for uninsured versus insured (P 5 0.06), 0.70 for Hispanics versus non-Hispanic whites (P 5 0.005), and 0.93 per year of age (P < 0.001). Among 287 patients tested for HCV RNA (91% of all anti-HCVpositive cases), 175 (61%) were viremic (3.8% overall prevalence in cohort), which was 5% less likely per year of age (P < 0.03). Noninvasive staging of 148 (84.6%) chronic HCV patients identified advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis in 50 (33.8%), with higher adjusted odds ratios of 3.21 for Hispanics versus non-Hispanic whites/Asians (P 5 0.02) and 1.18 per year of age (P 5 0.001). Other factors associated with significantly higher adjusted odds ratios of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis were alcohol abuse/dependence, obesity, and being uninsured. Conclusion: In this low-income, hospitalized cohort, 4% of 4582 screened baby boomers were diagnosed with chronic HCV, nearly twice the rate in the community; one-third had noninvasive testing that indicated advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, which was significantly more likely for Hispanics, those of older age, those with obesity, those with alcohol abuse/ dependence, and those who lacked insurance. (HEPATOLOGY 2015;62:1388-1395

Objective. To comply with the 2012 CDC recommendations for hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening, we implemented a new HCV screening program for patients born between 1945 and 1965 at a South Texas safety-net hospital.Methods. Patients with no HCV diagnosis or prior HCV test received an automated order for HCV antibody (anti-HCV) tests combined with reflex HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase chain reaction. An inpatient counselor educated anti-HCV-positive patients. A bilingual patient navigator assisted newly diagnosed chronic HCV patients with linkage to primary and specialty care. We examined results for Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic patients in the first 10 months of project implementation in 2013-2014.Results. Of 2,327 patients screened for HCV, the 192 (8%) patients who tested anti-HCV positive were younger than those who tested negative (56 vs. 58 years, respectively, p,0.001) and more likely to be male (p,0.001). Of the 167 anti-HCV-positive patients tested for HCV RNA, 108 (65%) were HCV RNA positive (5% of cohort). Barriers to care for HCV RNA-positive patients included a lack of health insurance, current substance abuse, incarceration, and homelessness. Hispanic HCV RNA-positive patients were more likely than non-Hispanic HCV RNA-positive patients to be substance abusers or incarcerated. Of all HCV RNA-positive patients, 103 patients (95%) received counseling, 94 patients (87%) were linked to primary care, 47 patients (44%) were linked to specialty care, and eight patients (7%) started treatment.Conclusion. The prevalence of anti-HCV-positive and chronically HCV-infected patients was higher than many Hispanic or non-Hispanic white cohorts. Most Hispanic patients newly diagnosed with chronic HCV had barriers to care for HCV infection that must be overcome if HCV screening is to reduce morbidity and mortality in this population.

PURPOSE Efforts to better understand the impact of clinic member relationships on care quality in primary care clinics have been limited by the absence of a validated instrument to assess these relationships. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a scale assessing relationships within primary care clinics. METHODSThe Work Relationships Scale (WRS) was developed and administered as part of a survey of learning and relationships among 17 Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care clinics. A Rasch partial-credit model and principal components analysis were used to evaluate item performance, select the final items for inclusion, and establish unidimensionality for the WRS. The WRS was then validated against semistructured clinic member interviews and VA Survey of Healthcare Experiences of Patients (SHEP) data.RESULTS Four hundred fifty-seven clinicians and staff completed the clinic survey, and 247 participated in semistructured interviews. WRS scores were significantly associated with clinic-level reporting for 2 SHEP variables: overall rating of personal doctor/nurse (r 2 = 0.43, P <.01) and overall rating of health care (r 2 = 0.25, P <.05). Interview data describing relationship characteristics were consistent with variability in WRS scores across low-scoring and high-scoring clinics. CONCLUSIONSThe WRS shows promising validity as a measure assessing the quality of relationships in primary care settings; moreover, primary care clinics with lower WRS scores received poorer patient quality ratings for both individual clinicians and overall health care. Relationships play an important role in shaping care delivery and should be assessed as part of efforts to improve patient care within primary care settings. INTRODUCTIOND uring the past several decades, primary care providers in the United States have faced increasing challenges, including rising health care costs and growing rates of chronic disease among patients that require escalating time and expertise to manage.1,2 A variety of strategies have been proposed to aid primary care providers, including redistributing the management of patients' preventive and chronic illness care across interdisciplinary teams of physicians, physician assistants, and nurses-for example, as in the patient-centered medical home.3,4 Because communication and teamwork are critical to the success of such teams, achieving high-quality relationships among clinicians and staff is an essential component of improving primary care delivery. 5,6 A number of researchers have proposed theoretical models of how high-quality relationships within primary care settings may contribute to improved quality of care. In a review of related research, Lanham et al 7 identified 7 characteristics of work relationships in settings with high-quality practice outcomes: (1) trust, or feeling comfortable making oneself vulnerable to others; (2) mindfulness, or demonstrating openness to new ideas

In this study, we aim to identify predictors of a no-show in neurology clinics at our institution. We conducted a retrospective review of neurology clinics from July 2013 through September 2018. We compared odds ratio of patients who missed appointments (no-show) to those who were present at appointments (show) in terms of age, lead-time, subspecialty, race, gender, quarter of the year, insurance type, and distance from hospital. There were 60,012 (84%) show and 11,166 (16%) no-show patients. With each day increase in lead time, odds of no-show increased by a factor of 1.0019 (p < 0.0001). Odds of no-show were higher in younger (p ≤ 0.0001, OR = 0.49) compared to older (age³60) patients and in women (p < 0.001, OR = 1.1352) compared to men. They were higher in Black/African American (p < 0.0001, OR = 1.4712) and lower in Asian (p = 0.03, OR = 0.6871) and American Indian/Alaskan Native (p = 0.055, OR = 0.6318) as compared to White/Caucasian. Patients with Medicare (p < 0.0001, OR = 1.5127) and Medicaid (p < 0.0001, OR = 1.3354) had higher odds of no-show compared to other insurance. Young age, female, Black/African American, long lead time to clinic appointments, Medicaid/Medicare insurance, and certain subspecialties (resident and stroke clinics) are associated with high odds of no show. Possible suggested interventions include better communication and flexible appointments for the high-risk groups as well as utilizing telemedicine.