Comparative field tests of similar in design ring-spur and gear-spur rollers for soil rolling provide their developers and users with information on the understanding of the design and technological features. The Goal of research – engineering analysis of structures of ring-spur and gear-spur rollers according to the criteria of weight, shape of working surfaces, soil pressure, completeness of compaction, penetrating ability in the range of depth of pre-sowing and surface tillage. Methods and Materials. Engineering analysis involved the study of three types of rollers. The research hypothesis assumed that the combination of weight characteristics of rollers and their geometric shapes of working surfaces in contact with the soil, in statics will provide the inherent properties of each cat (the first stage of research), which will potentially focus on choosing the most acceptable criteria for comparing functional features of rollers. necessary for field research in dynamics (the second stage of research). According to the criteria of static research were selected: penetrating ability (1); soil pressure (2); completeness of compaction of the area (3); direction of clamping forces (4); features of working surfaces (5); the nature of the mounting of solid disks on the shaft (6). Methodologically, the first three criteria required special adaptations (capacities) with the ability to change the height of the soil layer in the range of depths of pre-sowing and sowing tillage. Other criteria were supposed to be carried out by organoleptic evaluation. The study was supposed to be carried out on soil characteristic of the Forest-Steppe zone and homogeneous in fractional composition, to exclude the influence of soil inclusions of different sizes. Evaluation of soil characteristics was performed by thermostatic-weight method, according to the generally accepted method of "cutting ring" [Kaczynski, 1947] with a cylinder volume of 100 cm3. To determine the area of one elementary working surface of the annular disk, the application of a marking grid on its imprint on the surface left in the soil layers hmin, hmid, hmax was used. When determining the pressure on the soil, depending on the height of the treated layer, the marking grid was superimposed on the imprint of several areas of elementary working surfaces, which were fixed on the chord of immersion in the soil of the annular segment. Statistical analysis of experimental data was performed by the method of analysis of variance according to [Dospekhov, 1985] and interpreted by standard computer programs Excel and graphs. Results. According to the physical characteristics (weight and geometric parameters) of the roller combines the proximity of the diameter of the disks, the width of the working surfaces on the edge of the generator, the presence of spurs. The difference lies in the dimensional characteristics that fall on the width of the grip, the presence of aggressive protruding shapes (teeth) in the gear-spur structure. Each roller has an individual layout of elementary work surfaces. This allowed the conditional marking of rollers as "classic", "modernized" and "specialized". The working surfaces of the classic and specialized rollers provide vertical and lateral action of the clamping forces, while the modernized forms them in the vertical direction. These forces for each of the rollers are derived from the orientation of the working surfaces of different configurations (flat narrow, flat wide; a combination of point-focused with trapezoidal). In addition, work surfaces can have a one- or two-level sequence of contact with the soil at a variable depth. It is established that the nature of the attachment of adjacent disks on the shaft can be rigid or movable. Definitions of concepts and their estimation on indicators of pressure, completeness of consolidation, penetrating ability are resulted. Conclusions. According to the indicators of engineering analysis, each of the three rollers is predicted to have its inherent dominant feature for the most effective use in milling, pre-sowing and post-sowing tillage operations. It is determined that the most acceptable criteria for further research in the dynamics of variable speed should be the intensity of crushing lumps, the degree of soil compaction, the intensity of soil compaction, sticking of the working surface of the roller in high humidity, self-cleaning ability. The criteria of further research in dynamics are determined.
The purpose of research. Analysis of the advantages and determination of the efficiency of machines for subsoil application of liquid nitrogen fertilizers in resource-saving technologies by evaluating the quality of the DRAGON 6000 applicator. Research methods: theoretical (analysis and synthesis of information resources); experimental field; statistical (mathematical processing of research results) according to generally accepted methods. Results. Experimental studies of the influence of the speed modes of the injector wheel of the DRAGON 6000 applicator for application of liquid nitrogen fertilizers CAS on the quality of the technological process were carried out. It is established that during radical fertilization with liquid fertilizers of corn crops with a row spacing of 70 cm the unit is able to provide a daily yield of 120 hectares in 16-row performance and projected 180 ha - in 24-row, provided proper organization of work and staff training. It is noted that in the conditions of growth of prices for mineral fertilizers and climate change introduction of ecological approaches and resource-saving technology of entering CAS on the basis of the DRAGON 6000 applicator is an urgent task which will allow to compete successfully in the world market. Conclusions. Analytical review of domestic and foreign information resources confirms that the technology of subsoil application of liquid mineral fertilizers, in particular urea-ammonia mixtures (CAS), compared with the application of dry and other liquid fertilizers, is becoming more widespread due to better efficiency, which is a derivative of plant nutrition, rational positioning of fertilizers at the required depth, minimization of evaporation losses, improved drought resistance in the cultivation of crops, and also has significant benefits by reducing losses of active substance, ease of adjustment and management of the work process. Studies have confirmed the possibility of providing the presented design of the machine a constant depth of penetration of needles into the soil with a wide range of humidity and different speeds, as well as the ability to choose rational protection zone for cultivation of corn plants without damage to achieve acceptable efficiency of liquid fertilizers. LLC "ROPA-UKRAINE" presents to the market to consumers the applicator of the Ukrainian production DRAGON 6000 which passed production check on the area of 500 hectares during continuous entering of liquid fertilizers of CAS on vegetative plants of wheat and in the course of interrow (radical) entering of CAS on corn crops. 1100 hectares. With a change of speed in the range (5… 10) km / h, in difficult conditions of work at excess soil moisture, the DRAGON 6000 applicator stably provides depth of entering into soil of needles 6 cm long on depth of 4,9 cm in a protective zone on distance 5 cm from the stems. Under these conditions, the fixation of fertilizers is high quality, and damage to plants is not observed. According to the results of experimental research, the applicator guarantees high indicators of technological reliability and quality of the technological process, has good transport characteristics and lateral stability when driving on field roads.
Experimental field research of crosskill and star-wheeled rollers similar by design provides their developers and users with information on understanding their design and functional features. The purpose of the research is to compare the functional features of crosskill and star-wheeled rollers according to the criteria of clods breaking effect, compacting action, resistance to sticking in the range of pre-sowing and surface tillage depth. Methods and materials. Dynamic tests involved the study of three types of rollers. The research hypothesis assumed that the selected criteria for evaluating the work of rollers (intensity of breaking of clods, compacting action of rollers, intensity of bottom compaction and performance of rollers at high soil moisture) depend on roller pressure and different speed regimes, as they are derived from the shape of work surfaces. Sub-criteria studies were supposed to be carried out on the same type of soil: clods breaking characteristics on dry W = (10… 12) %, compacting effect on physically mature soil W = (15… 20) %, efficiency at high humidity - W = (25… 27) %. Evaluation of soil characteristics was performed by thermostatic-weight method according to the generally accepted method of "cutting ring" [Kaczynski NA, 1947], according to the volume of the cylinder 100 cm3. To determine the intensity of bottom compaction used the methodology and technical means of L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT development. Statistical analysis of experimental data was performed by the method of analysis of variance according to [Dospekhov, 1985] and interpreted by standard computer programs Excel in the form of graphs. Results. The intensity of clods breaking with a classic roller is the lowest and depends on the speed of movement. The intensity of breaking by the modernized roller is approximately 1.1 times higher and with increasing speed is almost stable. The intensity of clods breaking by a specialized roller is the highest and almost (10...20) %, respectively, exceeds the previous two rollers and does not significantly depend on the increase in speed. The greatest compaction of the soil (the height of the layer to which the pre-prepared soil asked after the passage of the roller) is characteristic of a specialized roller, which is almost (1.5…1.7) times higher than the classic and modernized, respectively. Depending on the depth of pre-tillage (5…10) cm, compaction by rollers varies approximately twice. The greatest intensity of compaction of a bottom is provided by the specialized roller, and modernized and classical condense accordingly in (1,2…1,4) times below. The specialized roller sticks the fastest, which is facilitated by the 4-tier arrangement of working surfaces and their maximum in comparison with others contact with the ground. Sticking of the modernized roller surface is as that of the specialized. The classic roller surface remains clean for the longest time. Conclusions. The classic roller compacts both the upper and lower horizons of the soil well enough, brings little moisture to the surface, has a medium clods breaking effect, can be recommended for a wide range of works, but its primary purpose is cultivating after sowing; as a compromise it can be used for pre-sowing tillage with good quality indicators. The upgraded roller compacts the top layer of the soil well, carries away little moisture, mulches the surface, distributes the effort well at different depths of cultivation and can be recommended primarily for pre-sowing tillage; as a compromise solution can be used after sowing with good quality indicators. Specialized roller – star-wheeled, has good penetrating ability, works most actively, providing the best clods breaking effect, slightly carries away wet horizons on the surface; can be recommended for leveling and use on the soil after its main cultivation. Each of the studied rollers can be used to some extent in all these technological operations, but the best result will be achieved taking into account their characteristics, type and period of execution.
The purpose of the research: comprehensive assessment of the individual milking unit of the company "Kurtsan" (Turkey) during operation. Methods of research: Analysis of the structural features of the individual milking unit performed by the observation method given to test sample, the quality of the machine was evaluated by standardized methods: the quality of the technological process and operational-technological indicators in accordance with the SOU 74.3-37-273, energy indices according to DSTU 2331, economic Indicators according to DSTU 4397, safety indicators and ergonomics according to DSTU IEES 60335-1, DSTU EN 60335-2-70. Research Results: The conducted research confirms a sufficiently high quality of the technological process of selection of milk in cows in the conditions of use of milking installation in a personal economy, which provides favorable conditions for the milking of the cow, taking into account its physiological features. Performance per hour of basic time is 10 heads. Milking installation works on the principle of a closed milking system, thanks to which milk does not contact the environment and immediately from the basin enters a sealed can. Such system protects milk from the possibility of bacterial and physical contamination. Milk obtained during milking by milking installation according to quality indicators (acidity, density, content of somatic cells, mass fraction of dry matter, mass fraction of fat) meets the requirements for the first grade according to DSTU 3662. Milking installation is equipped with a dry vacuum pump. Power consumption during installation does not exceed 0.54 kW. Specific electricity consumption for milking of one cow is 0.05 kWh / head. Annual operating expenses for milking of two cows in the farm are 1591.90 UAH / head. Conclusions. According to the testing of the individual milking plant manufacturing company "KURTSAN", it has been established that this installation reliably performs the technological process of machine milking of cows in milking can for their tethered maintenance and allows you to get milk of the first grade. The total duration of visiting one cow is 5.75 minutes. The average intensity of milk is 1.0 kg / min. Milking machine provides complete bodies of cows. The magnitude of the control manual feed is 50 ml. The milking machine is equipped with an adjustable pulsator of pairwise milking, which creates a manual milking process and works for a working vacuum of 40 ± 1 kPa, which prevents injury to dies and diseases of mastitis. In the cover the "Stop-Milk" system is installed, which prevents milk from entering a vacuum pump during the overflow of the poor, or water while washing All items are compactly assembled on a single cart. However, a small diameter of wheels on an unequal surface creates some inconvenience to the operator during the transportation of the machine with a filled milk capacity. The application of the installation increases the amount of milk received. Its gentle work does not harm the emotional and physical health of the cow: the dysfunctions during operation are not pushed, and light vibration creates a massage effect. Milking installation allows you to significantly reduce the labor of service personnel in an economy with a maintenance of 1 to 10 cows.
The goal of researchis todetermine the efficiency of application of urea-ammonia mixture (UAM) on winter wheat in the steppe zone with injection feeder using Cultan technology compared to the use of traditional spraying technology. Research methods: experimental-field, computational, statistical. Results. To assess the yield of winter wheat, experiments were set up in three plots. In the first plotUAMwas applied with MaxiMarinIP 1230 injection feeder. In the second plotUAMwas applied with a mounted beam sprayer. In the third plotUAMwas not applied. The yield was harvested on each plot separately. An objective assessment can be made taking into account such indicators as quantity (c / ha) and grain quality. The cost of grown grain of winter wheat with the introduction of UAMby spraying was 27560 UAH, of which the cost of UAM, taking into account the cost of processing the site - 520 UAH. The cost of grown winter wheat grain with the introduction of UAMby injection feeder MaxiMarinIP 1230 using Cultan technology was UAH 23,850, of which the cost of UAM, taking into account the cost of processing the site - UAH 520. Therefore, we found that the application of UAMby injection feeder MaxiMarin IP 1230 using Cultan technology is more effective than the application by spraying. The percentage was 15.5%. Conclusions. The use of Cultan fertilizer application technology with the use of MaxiMarinIP injection feeder increases the efficiency of winter wheat yield by 15.5%. Among the advantages are the following: - high efficiency of application in any climatic zones; - uniform application and accurate dosing of the area distribution; - fast penetration into the soil without the need for wrapping; - duration of action and quality of food; - there is no risk of burns to the leaves of plants; - disclosure of the full potential of the plant; - cost optimization and higher profitability; - there is no need to plan the application of CAS and other fertilizers depending on weather conditions, as the application is directly into the soil. Due to the active development of Cultan technology in the world and the significant demand for it from consumers, including domestic ones, it is advisable to conduct further research to study its impact on the efficiency of growing other crops.
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