Abstract. The complexity of the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP) in lattices is directly related to the security of NTRU and the provable level of security of many recently proposed lattice-based cryptosystems. We integrate several recent algorithmic improvements for solving SVP and take first place at dimension 120 in the SVP Challenge Hall of Fame. Our implementation allows us to find a short vector at dimension 114 using 8 NVIDIA video cards in less than two days.Specifically, our improvements to the recent Extreme Pruning in enumeration approach, proposed by Gama et al. in Eurocrypt 2010, include: (1) a more flexible bounding function in polynomial form; (2) code to take advantage of Clouds of commodity PCs (via the MapReduce framework); and (3) the use of NVIDIA's Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). We may now reasonably estimate the cost of a wide range of SVP instances in U.S. dollars, as rent paid to cloud-computing service providers, which is arguably a simpler and more practical measure of complexity.
No abstract
This paper presented a heterodyne speckle interferometer (HSI) for the measurement of two-dimensional in-plane displacement. A diffraction grating is used to split the light source into four beams, which are then reflected into a non-mirror measurement surface at symmetrical incident angles, before being scattered to form an interference pattern. In accordance with the Doppler Effect, in-plane displacement of the surface causes phase variations in speckle interference patterns, from which displacement information can be obtained. Several experiments were performed to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed HSI. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed system is capable of accurately measuring in-plane displacement with a resolution of approximately 1.5 nm.
The Byzantine general problem is the core problem that consensus algorithms are trying to solve, which is at the heart of the design of blockchains. As a result, we have seen numerous proposals of consensus algorithms in recent years, trying to improve the level of decentralization, performance, and security of blockchains. In our opinion, there are two most challenging issues when we consider the design of such algorithms in the context of powering blockchains in practice. First, the outcome of a consensus algorithm usually depends on the underlying incentive model, so each participant should have an equal probability of receiving rewards for its work. Secondly, the protocol should be able to resist network failures, such as cloud services shutdown, while maintaining high performance otherwise. We address these two critical issues in this paper. First, we propose a new metric, called fair validity, for measuring the performance of Byzantine agreements. Intuitively, fair validity provides a lower bound for the probability of acceptances of honest nodes' proposals. This is a strong notion of fairness, and we argue that it is crucial for the success of a blockchain in practice. We then show that any Byzantine agreement could not achieve fair validity in an asynchronous network, so we will focus on synchronous protocols. This leads to our second contribution: we propose a fair, responsive, and partition-resilient Byzantine agreement protocol able to tolerate up to 1/3 corruptions. As we will show in the paper, our protocol achieves fair validity and is responsive in the sense that the termination time only depends on actual network delay, as opposed to arbitrary, predetermined time-bound. Furthermore, our proposal is partition-resilient. Last but not least, experimental results show that our Byzantine agreement protocol outperforms a wide variety of state-of-art synchronous protocols, combining the best from both theoretic and practical worlds.
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