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Enhanced recovery programmes after colorectal resections reduce length-of-stay and may reduce 30 days morbidity and increase 30 days readmission without increasing mortality.

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Abstract. Cytokines are known to have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on breast cancer growth depending on their relative concentrations and the presence of other modulating factors in the tumour microenvironment. Certain cytokines appear to prevent an effective immune response being mounted, permitting cancer growth, whereas others promote the immune system's anti-tumour capability. Furthermore, the systemic levels of certain cytokines, e.g. IL-6 and IL-18, independently show promising correlations with disease stage and progression. With advances in methods for delivery of cytokines to a tumour site, the enhanced induction of anti-tumour immunity by targeted cytokine release is becoming a realistic option. Here, we review the role of cytokines in the immune response against breast cancer and assess their potential as prognostic indicators and/or use in immune therapy. A literature search was conducted using Medline, restricted to articles published in the English language, using combinations of the following MeSH terms: cytokines, breast cancer, immunology, immunotherapy and interleukins. Focused searches using keywords relevant to the role of cytokines in breast cancer immunology yielded >200 references.