To serve health care, up to now, sciences have successfully developed many drugs with different effects. In general, in terms of chemical structure and effect characteristics, medicine can be classified into groups including inorganic drugs, small-molecule organic drugs, protein drugs (macromolecules), and recently a new group of drugs has been formed, separate from the protein drug class, which is the RNA drugs. In terms of pharmacological effects, in general, the mechanisms of protein drugs and small-molecule organic drugs do not differ too much because they all act at a particular stage related to pathological manifestations. Protein drugs in the process of development have gone through many different stages, with different origins, from extraction and isolation from living tissues at an early stage to biosynthesis by recombinant technology and other modern biotechnology methods. To date, most of the proteins used in medicine have been produced through recombinant pathways, possibly through different semisynthetic steps to give the molecules more superior drug properties. Therefore, the group of protein drugs has an additional new name, biopharmaceuticals, to indicate their synthetic origin by biological methods. The research, development, and application of protein drugs into clinical practice are of great significance, helping to enhance the ability of medicine to control and treat many difficult-to-treat diseases today, bringing many opportunities to have good health for people. Keywords: Protein drugs, RNA drugs, Biopharmaceuticals, Inorganic drugs, Small-molecule organic drugs, Drug development, Cytokine, Enzyme, Hormone peptide, Stem cell, Recombinant technology, Biosimilar. *
RNA drugs are a new group of drugs that delivers RNAs or similar structures inside the body to achieve the therapeutic effect. This is a promising direction in drug development to treat serious and rare genetic diseases more specifically and effectively. In reality, the genetic systems and protein synthesis processes of living organisms are extremely complex, so the development of RNA drugs faces many difficulties. To achieve success, many different studies have been carried out to address issues such as finding suitable RNAs, synthesizing similar RNA structures, stabilizing RNA structures, and introducing drugs into targeted cells. Since the first RNA drug was officially approved by the FDA (2004), 10 RNA drugs in total have been approved to date. Among them, two vaccines, appearing at the time when much needed support to cope with the new SARS-CoV-2 variants, were developed using mRNA technology. With these achievements, scientists can have more confidence in the possibilities of evolving a new drug group that is more specific and effective, which is RNA drugs. This review briefly introduces the group of drugs that use RNAs, RNA structural analogs, and RNA biomarkers to develop novel drugs for application in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease. Keywords: RNA drugs; mRNA; the protein; vaccines; RNA diagnostics; small molecule drugs; RNA target. References [1] U. Sahin, K. Karikó, Ö. Türeci, Mrna-Based Therapeutics-Developing A New Class of Drugs, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 13, No. 10, 2014, pp. 759-780.[2] T. H. Nguyen, T. M. H. Pham, M. K. Tu, Pharmacogenetics: Prospects and Issues. Journal of Pharmacy, No. 54, Vol. 456, 2014, pp. 2-6.[3] A. M. Yu, Y. H. Choi, M. J. Tu, Rna Drugs and Rna Targets for Small Molecules: Principles, Progress, and Challenges, Pharmacological Reviews, Vol. 72, No. 4, 2020, pp. 862-898.[4] M. A. Hendaus, F. A. 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Crystallization, formation, and accumulation of defects and mesopores in the ZSM-5 zeolite samples, which are synthesized from the gel composition of 1.2Na2O 0.1Al2O3 0.8 tetra-propylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) 6SiO2 400H2O at a temperature of 140 degree Celsius (°C) in 10, 15, and 18 h, are studied by using the Positron annihilation lifetime (PALS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopies. The XRD is used for investigating the crystalline concentration and nano-crystal size of ZSM-5 during the crystallizing process, whereas the PALS is performed in order to determine the presence of templates, defects, and mesopores in the zeolite samples. The latter are calcined in air during 1, 2, and 3 h at a temperature of 600 °C before being measured. The results obtained indicate that there exist clusters of small crystals in the early crystalline stages of the samples. The size of these crystals increases with time and reaches approximately 100 nm after 18 h of reaction. In addition, the template (TPAOH) is found to exist not only in the channels inside the framework but also in the mesopores outside it. Finally, by analyzing the Positron lifetime spectra, we have found for the first time the simultaneous existence of defects and mesopores, which are formatted and accumulated during the crystallization of ZSM-5. Those important results contribute significantly to our understanding of the internal structure of the synthetic zeolite ZSM-5 as well as the synthetic processes for producing zeolites with special features.
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