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Feeding with acknowledged risk is appropriate for patients unsuitable for tube feeding who have an unsafe swallow that is unlikely to improve. However, without excellent multidisciplinary decision making and communication, patients may spend unnecessarily long 'nil by mouth' (NBM) and advance feeding/care plans may not be made or communicated. The FORWARD bundle (Feeding via the Oral Route With Acknowledged Risk of Deterioration) was sequentially co-designed and embedded across different services using 'plan-do-study-act' methodology to systematise best practice. Care before and after FORWARD was evaluated using a time-series analysis of 80 patients who had been risk-fed. Time NBM without tube feeding improved from 2 to 0 days (p=0.02) with signifi cantly better documentation of capacity assessments and discussions with next of kin. There were sustained trends to improved rates of best interest discussions and communication of feeding plans to downstream care providers. The signifi cance and applicability of these fi ndings is discussed.

There is increasing evidence to suggest that atrial fibrillation is associated with a heightened risk of dementia. The mechanism of interaction is unclear. Atrial fibrillation-induced cerebral infarcts, hypoperfusion, systemic inflammation, and anticoagulant therapy-induced cerebral microbleeds, have been proposed to explain the link between these conditions. An understanding of the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation-associated cognitive decline may enable the development of treatment strategies targeted towards the prevention of dementia in atrial fibrillation patients. The aim of this review is to explore the impact that existing atrial fibrillation treatment strategies may have on cognition and the putative mechanisms linking the two conditions. This review examines how components of the ‘Atrial Fibrillation Better Care pathway’ (stroke risk reduction, rhythm control, rate control, and risk factor management) may influence the trajectory of atrial fibrillation-associated cognitive decline. The requirements for further prospective studies to understand the mechanistic link between atrial fibrillation and dementia and to develop treatment strategies targeted towards the prevention of atrial fibrillation-associated cognitive decline, are highlighted.