We systematically compare an event-by-event heavy-ion collision model to data from the Large Hadron Collider. Using a general Bayesian method, we probe multiple model parameters including fundamental quark-gluon plasma properties such as the specific shear viscosity η/s, calibrate the model to optimally reproduce experimental data, and extract quantitative constraints for all parameters simultaneously. The method is universal and easily extensible to other data and collision models.

A hierarchical model calibration and validation are proposed for quantifying the confidence level of mass transfer prediction using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, where the solvent‐based carbon dioxide (CO2) capture is simulated and the predicted results are compared to the corresponding bench‐scale experimental data. Two unit problems with an increasing level of complexity are proposed to break down the complex physical/chemical processes of solvent‐based CO2 capture into relatively simpler problems to separate the effects of physical transport and chemical reaction. This paper focuses on the calibration and validation of the first unit problem, i.e., the CO2 mass transfer across a falling ethanolamine (MEA) film in the absence of chemical reaction. This problem is investigated both experimentally and numerically using non‐reactive nitrous oxide (N2O) as a surrogate for CO2. To capture motion of the gas‐liquid interface, a volume of fluid method is employed with a one‐fluid formulation to compute the mass transfer between the two phases. Parallel bench‐scale experiments are designed and conducted to validate and calibrate the CFD models using a general Bayesian calibration approach. Two important transport parameters, Henry's constant and gas diffusivity, are calibrated to produce the posterior distributions, which will be used as input for the second unit problem to address the chemical absorption of CO2 across the MEA falling film, where both mass transfer and chemical reaction are involved. Mass transfer coefficients predicted by CFD are also compared with those predicted by the traditional/empirical correlations under both steady and wavy falling film conditions. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

To quantify the predictive confidence of a device scale solid sorbent-based carbon capture design where there is no direct experimental data available, a hierarchical validation methodology is first proposed. In this hierarchy, a sequence of increasingly complex "unit problems" are validated using a statistical calibration framework. This paper describes the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) multi-phase reactive flow simulations and the associated data flows within each unit problem. Each validation requires both simulated and physical data, so the bench-top experiments used in each increasingly complex stage were carefully designed to follow the same operating conditions as the simulation scenarios. A Bayesian calibration procedure is employed and the posterior model parameter distributions obtained at one unitproblem level are used as prior distributions for the same parameters in the next-tier simulations.Overall, the results have demonstrated that the calibrated multiphase reactive flow models within MFIX can be used to capture the bed pressure, temperature, CO2 capture capacity, and kinetics © 2015. This manuscript version is made available under the Elsevier user license http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ 2 with quantitative accuracy. The CFD modeling methodology and associated uncertainty quantification techniques presented herein offer a solid framework for estimating the predictive confidence in the virtual scale up of a larger carbon capture device. KeywordsComputational fluid dynamics, carbon capture, hierarchical model validation methodology, multiphase reactive flow models, Bayesian calibration, MFIX.

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Substantial research has demonstrated that an external (vs. internal) attentional focus enhances motor performance among various populations. Interest has recently grown in examining the effects of attentional focus among individuals with visual impairments (VI), and, to date, research results have been conflicting with some studies supporting a potential benefit to an external focus among adults with VI, while a study of children with severe VI was inconclusive regarding this benefit. The present investigation compared the effects of an internal versus an external attentional focus on a discrete throwing task among adolescents with severe VI. We recruited 13 participants with a visual acuity score of less than 6/60 and had them throw a Goalball (25 cm ball with bells often used in competitive sports designed for people with VI) as fast as possible for three familiarization trials, three internal focus trials, and three external focus trials. These participants threw the ball with significantly higher velocity when using an external focus than in other conditions, indicating a benefit from an external focus for this population when performing this discrete task.