We investigate the massive Schwinger model in d = 1 + 1 dimensions using bosonization and the non-perturbative functional renormalization group. In agreement with previous studies we find that the phase transition, driven by a change of the ratio m/e between the mass and the charge of the fermions, belongs to the two-dimensional Ising universality class. The temperature and vacuum angle dependence of various physical quantities (chiral density, electric field, entropy density) are also determined and agree with results obtained from density matrix renormalization group studies. Screening of fractional charges and deconfinement occur only at infinite temperature.
This article outlines our practical approach to digitizing historical text sources via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for subsequent Natural Language Processing (NLP) and corpus analysis. For this purpose we developed two processing pipelines based on pyFlow for parallel computing using Tesseract OCR for OCR and spaCy for NLP. To ensure that the software is developed in terms of reusability and sustainability, the importance of free and open source software and the use of Linux containers via Docker during the development process and within a production environment is also described. Details regarding OCR preprocessing steps, e.g., binarization are also discussed. Besides the software development aspects the article contains some learnings and best practices for end users on how to create high quality input images (avoiding noise, skew, etc.) for the OCR pipeline. By following these steps, OCR results can be significantly improved. For both, our OCR and NLP pipelines, the accuracies and respective error rates are discussed at the ennd of the corresponding chapters.
In Zeiten einer global fortschreitenden Urbanisierung der Lebenswelten gewinnen Imaginationen und Projektionen eines guten Lebens auf dem Land eine neue diskursive Attraktivität. Sie verweisen auf eine lange und ambivalente Geschichte zwischen Anforderungen und Überforderungen gesellschaftlichen Wandels sowie den Ansprüchen auf ein gelingendes Leben. Angesichts umfassender Transformationen, Krisen und Katastrophen bieten die kulturellen Produktionen ländlicher Lebensverhältnisse - und damit verbunden die Vorstellungen von Natur, Idylle und Heimat - sowohl idealisierte Sehnsuchtsorte als auch konkretisierte Orientierungspunkte. Land und Ländlichkeit geraten in ein komplexes Spannungsverhältnis, das auch Auskunft gibt über Wahrnehmung und Selbstverständnis im Leben in und zwischen Stadt und Land.
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