In children, idiopathic/familial pulmonary arterial hypertension accounts for the majority of cases. A specific pulmonary arterial hypertension group in conjunction with congenital heart disease can be identified that resembles patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Combined pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific therapies may have contributed to disease stability and favourable survival.

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Childhood obesity may be associated with an early alteration of the longitudinal and circumferential LV strain. These findings have potentially significant clinical implications for the outcomes and follow-up of obese children meriting further studies.