A study was conducted for 22 weeks to determine the effects of concentrate supplementations at three crude protein (CP) levels, i.e. low protein diet-LPD 12.42% CP (124.93 g day); medium protein diet-MPD 14.18% CP (145.87 g day) and high protein diet-HPD 16.35% CP (168.19 g day) on some pregnancy variables, reproductive performance, birth types and weight of kids kidded by pregnant Kalahari Red goats grazed on Chloris gayana. Thirty-three matured Kalahari Red goats of first parity within age range of 2 to 2/ years with an average body weight of 38.10 ± 1.13 kg were randomly allotted to the diets with 11 goats per treatment. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance in a completely randomised design. It was observed that goats fed HPD had the highest (p < 0.05) values for products of pregnancy (10.35 kg) taken within 24hour before kidding and foetal growth rate (88.37 g day) during pregnancy. Goats fed MPD had the lowest values (p < 0.05) of 9.28 kg and 80.07 g day for each of the respective parameters. Afterbirth weight was also the highest and lowest (p < 0.05) for goats supplemented with HPD (3.38 kg) and MPD (3.04 kg), respectively. On the other hand, MPD-supplemented goats had the highest values (p < 0.05) for litter size (2.14) and litter weight (6.80 kg) at birth, the value which was the least for HPD supplementation. From the results obtained from this study, it could be concluded that concentrate diet supplementation with 14.18% CP improved litter size and weight at birth with resultant reduction in weights of pregnancy variables of pregnant Kalahari Red goats grazed on Rhodes grass.
Oxidative stress is a chemical stress caused by imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of organisms to absorb their excess. It is extremely dangerous because affected animals may not exhibit physical symptom(s). It induces a stress with cellular damage that if not adequately restored by antioxidant makes the organism sensitive to serious degenerative disorders. Against this background, a study on oxidative stress in Kalahari Red (KR), West African Dwarf (WAD) and KalaWAD goats fed graded levels of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder (TP) during pregnancy and after kidding was evaluated. Forty five goats comprising of 15 goats/breed and divided into five goats per/breed/treatment were used. Dietary treatments which included concentrate diet (CD) as TM-0; CD+2g/kg TP as TM-2; and CD+5g/kg TP as TM-5 were fed for 162days. Blood samples were collected from the goats at the beginning of the experiment; 1st and 2nd trimesters; and within 24hrs after kidding for determination of antioxidant enzymes activities like Superoxide dismutase (SOD); Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); Glutathione (GSH); Thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) and Cortisol spectrophotometrically. Results obtained revealed that WAD goats had highest (p<0.05) reduction by 3.57u/mL for TBARS. The KR goats had increment (p<0.05) by 1.56u/mL for GSH-Px and decrease (p<0.05) by 1.78ng/mL for cortisol concentration. SOD was increased (p<0.05) by 0.50u/ml for KalaWAD goats. TP inclusion at 2g/kg improved (p<0.05) values for SOD (1.21u/mL) and GSH-Px (0.85u/mL), while GSH (2.28u/mL) was improved by TP inclusion at 5g/kg. KalaWAD goats fed TM-2 had highest (p<0.05) reduction in TBARS value by 2.70u/mL, whereas KalaWAD goats fed TM-5 had improved (p<0.05) value for SOD (1.91u/mL). KR goats fed TM-2 and TM-5 had improvement and reduction in the values of GSH-Px by 5.41u/mL and cortisol concentration by 2.93ng/mL respectively. It is concluded that breeds of goat, turmeric powder inclusion and their interaction influenced oxidative stress and cortisol concentration. Le stress oxydatif est un stress chimique causé par un déséquilibre entre la production de radicaux libres et la capacité des organismes à absorber leur excès. C'est extrêmement dangereux car les animaux affectés peuvent ne pas présenter de symptôme(s) physique(s). Il induit un stress avec des dommages cellulaires qui, s'il n'est pas correctement restauré par des antioxydants, rend l'organisme sensible à de graves troubles dégénératifs. Dans ce contexte, une étude sur le stress oxydatif chez les chèvres Kalahari Red (KR), West African Dwarf (WAD) et Kala WAD nourries à des niveaux gradués de poudre de curcuma (Curcuma longa L.) (TP) pendant la grossesse et après la mise bas a été évaluée. Quarante-cinq chèvres comprenant 15 chèvres/race et divisées en cinq chèvres par/race/traitement ont été utilisées. Traitements diététiques qui comprenaient un régime concentré (RC) en tant que TM-0 ; CD+2g/kg TP comme TM-2 ; et CD+5g/kg de TP sous forme de TM-5 ont été nourris pendant 162 jours. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés sur les chèvres au début de l'expérience; 1er et 2e trimestres ; et dans les 24 heures après la blague pour la détermination des activités des enzymes antioxydantes comme le superoxyde dismutase (SOD) ; Glutathion peroxydase (GSH-Px); glutathion (GSH); Substances réactives thiobarbituriques (TBARS) et cortisol par spectrophotométrie. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé que les chèvres WAD présentaient la réduction la plus élevée (p<0,05) de 3,57u/mL pour les TBARS. Les chèvres KR ont augmenté (p<0,05) de 1,56u/mL pour le GSH-Px et diminué (p<0,05) de 1,78ng/mL pour la concentration de cortisol. La SOD a été augmentée (p<0,05) de 0,50 u/ml pour les chèvres KalaWAD. L'inclusion de TP à 2g/kg a amélioré (p<0,05) les valeurs de SOD (1,21u/mL) et de GSH-Px (0,85u/mL), tandis que le GSH (2,28u/mL) a été amélioré par l'inclusion de TP à 5g/kg. Les chèvres KalaWAD nourries au TM-2 présentaient la réduction la plus élevée (p<0,05) de la valeur TBARS de 2,70u/mL, tandis que les chèvres KalaWAD nourries au TM-5 avaient une valeur améliorée (p<0,05) pour la SOD (1,91u/mL). Les chèvres KR nourries avec TM-2 et TM-5 ont eu une amélioration et une réduction des valeurs de GSH-Px de 5,41u/mL et de la concentration de cortisol de 2,93ng/mL respectivement. Il est conclu que les races de chèvres, l'inclusion de poudre de curcuma et leur interaction ont influencé le stress oxydatif et la concentration de cortisol.
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