RESUMOIntrodução: A estimulação cerebral profunda (ECP) é eficaz na doença de Parkinson (DP) avançada, melhorando sintomas motores, flutuações e a qualidade de vida. No entanto, têm sido reportados efeitos adversos psiquiátricos, mas de uma forma variável e não padronizada. O objectivo deste artigo é analisar e sumarizar a evidência publicada sobre sintomas depressivos e ansiedade em doentes com DP após ECP, através de revisão sistemática e meta-análise. Material e Métodos: A PubMed foi pesquisada até Maio 2012 para identificar os estudos que avaliaram sintomas depressivos e ansiedade em doentes com doença de Parkinson submetidos a estimulação cerebral profunda bilateral do núcleo subtalâmico (NST) ou globo pálido interno (GPi). Foram feitas meta-análises com modelo de efeitos aleatórios para grupos de pelo menos três estudos homogéneos em relação ao desenho e instrumentos utilizados. Resultados: Foram selecionadas 63 referências; 98,4% continham dados relativos a escalas de avaliação de depressão e 38,1% relativos a ansiedade. Dois estudos não discriminavam o alvo usado; nos restantes 61 foi feita avaliação de curto prazo em 37 (60,7%), de médio prazo em 36 (59,0%) e de longo prazo em 5 (8,2%). Foram encontrados dados sobre variação pré/pós operatória em 57 (93,4%) estudos e 16 (26,2%) continham dados comparando ECP-NST versus outros grupos: ECP-GPi (n = 4 estudos, 25,0%), elegíveis para cirurgia (n = 6, 37,5%), e tratamento médico (n = 7, 43,8%). Discussão: É aparente a melhoria de depressão e ansiedade após ECP, sobretudo a curto prazo, efeito que tende a esbater-se em avaliações posteriores. Em relação à depressão a ECP-NST mostrou-se superior ao tratamento médico, mas não em comparação com o grupo de controlo elegível para cirurgia. Verificou-se o resultado oposto para a ansiedade, uma vez que os resultados favorecem o tratamento médico sobre a ECP-NST, e esta sobre o grupo de elegíveis para cirurgia. Não é evidente a superioridade de um alvo sobre o outro, mas os dados favorecem ligeiramente o GPi para ambos os tipos de sintomas. Conclusões:O padrão e curso dos sintomas depressivos e ansiedade após ECP na DP não são claros, mas ambos parecem melhorar no curto prazo, especialmente a depressão após a ECP-NST. Os resultados são bastante heterogéneos. Devem ser promovidos esforços no sentido de haver padronização de procedimentos de avaliação nos vários centros. Palavras-chave: Doença de Parkinson; Estimulação Cerebral Profunda; Ansiedade; Depressão; Meta-Análise. ABSTRACT Introduction: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective in advancedParkinson's disease (PD), improving motor symptoms, fluctuations and quality of life. However, adverse psychiatric outcomes have been reported, albeit variably and in an unstandardized fashion. We aimed to summarize the published evidence on the outcomes of anxiety and depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease patients following DBS, through systematic review and meta-analysis. Material and Methods: PubMed was searched until May 2012 to identify studies assessing anxiety and...
Evidence on what people eat globally is limited in scope and rigour, especially as it relates to children and adolescents. This impairs target setting and investment in evidence-based actions to support healthy sustainable diets. Here we quantified global, regional and national dietary patterns among children and adults, by age group, sex, education and urbanicity, across 185 countries between 1990 and 2018, on the basis of data from the Global Dietary Database project. Our primary measure was the Alternative Healthy Eating Index, a validated score of diet quality; Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension and Mediterranean Diet Score patterns were secondarily assessed. Dietary quality is generally modest worldwide. In 2018, the mean global Alternative Healthy Eating Index score was 40.3, ranging from 0 (least healthy) to 100 (most healthy), with regional means ranging from 30.3 in Latin America and the Caribbean to 45.7 in South Asia. Scores among children versus adults were generally similar across regions, except in Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia, high-income countries, and the Middle East and Northern Africa, where children had lower diet quality. Globally, diet quality scores were higher among women versus men, and more versus less educated individuals. Diet quality increased modestly between 1990 and 2018 globally and in all world regions except in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, where it did not improve.
Street food makes a significant contribution to the diet of many dwellers in low- and middle-income countries and its trade is a well-developed activity in the central Asian region. However, data on its purchase and nutritional value is still scarce. This study aimed to describe street food purchasing patterns in central Asia, according to time and place of purchase. A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016/2017 in the main urban areas of four central Asian countries: Dushanbe (Tajikistan), Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan), Ashgabat (Turkmenistan) and Almaty (Kazakhstan). Street food markets (n = 34) and vending sites (n = 390) were selected by random and systematic sampling procedures. Data on the purchased foods and beverages were collected by direct observation. Time and geographic location of the purchases was registered, and their nutritional composition was estimated. A total of 714 customers, who bought 852 foods, were observed. Customers' influx, buying rate and purchase of industrial food were higher in city centers compared to the outskirts (median: 4.0 vs. 2.0 customers/10 min, p < 0.001; 5.0 vs. 2.0 food items/10 min, p < 0.001; 36.2 vs. 28.7%, p = 0.004). Tea, coffee, bread and savory pastries were most frequently purchased in the early morning, bread, main dishes and savory pastries during lunchtime, and industrial products in the mid-morning and mid-afternoon periods. Energy and macronutrient density was highest at 11:00–12:00 and lowest at 09:00–10:00. Purchases were smaller but more energy-dense in city centers, and higher in saturated and trans-fat in the peripheries. This work provides an overview of the street food buying habits in these cities, which in turn reflect local food culture. These findings from the main urban areas of four low- and middle-income countries which are currently under nutrition transition can be useful when designing public health interventions customized to the specificities of these food environments and their customers.
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