Abstract.In an intensifying effort to track ocean change and distinguish between natural and anthropogenic drivers, sustained ocean time series measurements are becoming increasingly important. Advancements in the ocean carbon observation network over the last decade, such as the development and deployment of Moored Autonomous pCO 2 (MAPCO 2 ) systems, have dramatically improved our ability to characterize ocean climate, sea-air gas exchange, and biogeochemical processes. The MAPCO 2 system provides high-resolution data that can measure interannual, seasonal, and sub-seasonal dynamics and constrain the impact of shortterm biogeochemical variability on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) flux. Overall uncertainty of the MAPCO 2 using in situ calibrations with certified gas standards and post-deployment standard operating procedures is < 2 µatm for seawater partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) and < 1 µatm for air pCO 2 . The MAPCO 2 maintains this level of uncertainty for over 400 days of autonomous operation. MAPCO 2 measurements are consistent with shipboard seawater pCO 2 measurements and GLOBALVIEW-CO2 boundary layer atmospheric values. Here we provide an open-ocean MAPCO 2 data set including over 100 000 individual atmospheric and seawater pCO 2 measurements on 14 surface buoys from 2004 through 2011 and a description of the methods and data quality control involved. The climate-quality data provided by the MAPCO 2 have allowed for the establishment of open-ocean observatories to track surface ocean pCO 2 changes around the globe. Data are available at doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.TSM_NDP092 and http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/Moorings/ndp092.

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In an intensifying effort to track ocean change and distinguish between natural and anthropogenic drivers, sustained ocean time series measurements are becoming increasingly important. Advancements in the ocean carbon observation network over the last decade, such as the development and deployment of Moored Autonomous pCO 2 (MAPCO 2) systems, have dramatically improved our ability to characterize ocean climate , sea-air gas exchange, and biogeochemical processes. The MAPCO 2 system provides high-resolution data that can measure interannual, seasonal, and sub-seasonal dynamics and constrain the impact of short-term biogeochemical variability on carbon dioxide (CO 2) flux. Overall uncertainty of the MAPCO 2 using in situ calibrations with certified gas standards and post-deployment standard operating procedures is < 2 µatm for seawater partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2) and < 1 µatm for air pCO 2. The MAPCO 2 maintains this level of uncertainty for over 400 days of autonomous operation. MAPCO 2 measurements are consistent with ship-board seawater pCO 2 measurements and GLOBALVIEW-CO2 boundary layer atmospheric values. Here we provide an open-ocean MAPCO 2 data set including over 100 000 individual atmospheric and seawater pCO 2 measurements on 14 surface buoys from 2004 through 2011 and a description of the methods and data quality control involved. The climate-quality data provided by the MAPCO 2 have allowed for the establishment of open-ocean observatories to track surface ocean pCO 2 changes around the globe. Data are available at doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.TSM_NDP092 and http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/Moorings/ndp092.

PPP: A USV Case Study and provide guidance for unmanned vehicle providers. Last, we also recommend building bridges between the private sector, the ocean-observing community, and the operational forecast community to consider the future of this new private sector, with goals to determine targeted ocean-observing needs; assess the appropriateness of USVs as science platforms, sensors, and data format standards; and establish usage and data quality control and distribution protocols for ocean observing and operational forecasting.