NF-κB activation within the epithelium has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, yet the exact role of epithelial NF-κB in allergen-induced inflammation and airway remodeling remains unclear. In the present study, we utilized an intranasal House Dust Mite (HDM) extract exposure regimen time course in BALB/c mice to evaluate inflammation, NF-κB activation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and airway remodeling. We utilized CC10-IκBαSR transgenic mice to evaluate the functional importance of epithelial NF-κB in response to HDM. After a single exposure of HDM, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators was significantly elevated in lung tissue of WT mice, in association with increases in nuclear RelA and RelB, components of the classical and alternative NF-κB pathway, respectively, in the bronchiolar epithelium. In contrast, CC10-IκBαSR mice displayed marked decreases in nuclear RelA and RelB and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators compared to WT mice. After 15 challenges with HDM, WT mice exhibited increases in inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus metaplasia and peri-bronchiolar fibrosis. CC10-IκBαSR transgenic mice displayed marked decreases in neutrophilic infiltration, tissue damping, and elastance parameters, in association will less peri-bronchiolar fibrosis and decreases in nuclear RelB in lung tissue. However, central airway resistance and mucus metaplasia remained elevated in CC10-IκBαSR transgenic mice, in association with continued presence of lymphocytes, and partial decreases in eosinophils and IL-13. The current study demonstrates that following airway exposure with an asthma-relevant allergen, activation of classical and alternative NF-κB pathways occur within the airway epithelium and may coordinately contribute to allergic inflammation, AHR and fibrotic airway remodeling.

BackgroundThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response participates in many chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In the current study, we sought to examine the contribution of ER stress transducers in the pathogenesis of three principal facets of allergic asthma: inflammation, airway fibrosis, and airways hyperresponsiveness.MethodsHouse Dust Mite (HDM) was used as an allergen for in vitro and in vivo challenge of primary human and murine airway epithelial cells. ER stress transducers were modulated using specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in vivo. Inflammation, airway remodeling, and hyperresponsiveness were measured by total bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell counts, determination of collagen, and methacholine responsiveness in mice, respectively.ResultsChallenge of human bronchiolar and nasal epithelial cells with HDM extract induced the ER stress transducer, activating transcription factor 6 α (ATF6α) as well as protein disulfide isomerase, ERp57, in association with activation of caspase-3. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of ATF6α and ERp57 during HDM administration in mice resulted in a decrease in components of HDM-induced ER stress, disulfide mediated oligomerization of Bak, and activation of caspase-3. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of ATF6α and ERp57 led to decreased inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness and airway fibrosis.ConclusionCollectively, our work indicates that HDM induces ER stress in airway epithelial cells and that ATF6α and ERp57 play a significant role in the development of cardinal features of allergic airways disease. Inhibition of ER stress responses may provide a potential therapeutic avenue in chronic asthma and sub-epithelial fibrosis associated with loss of lung function.

Background Evidence for association between asthma and the unfolded protein response (UPR) is emerging. ERp57 is an ER localized redox chaperone involved in folding and secretion of glycoproteins. We have previously demonstrated that ERp57 is up regulated in allergen-challenged human and murine lung epithelial cells. However, the role of ERp57 in asthma pathophysiology is unknown. Objectives Here, we sought to examine the contribution of airway epithelial-specific ERp57 in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Methods We examined the expression of ERp57 in human asthmatic airway epithelium and utilized murine models of allergic asthma to evaluate the relevance of epithelial- specific ERp57. Results Lung biopsies from asthmatics and non-asthmatics revealed a predominant increase in ERp57 in asthmatic epithelium. Deletion of ERp57 resulted in a significant decreases in the inflammatory cells and airways resistance in a murine model of allergic asthma. We further observed that disulfide bridges in eotaxin, EGF and periostin were also decreased in the lungs of HDM-challenged ERp57 deleted mice. Fibrotic markers such as collagen and αSMA were also significantly decreased in the lungs of ERp57-deleted mice. Furthermore, adaptive immune responses were dispensable for HDM-induced ER stress and airways fibrosis. Conclusions Here we show that ERp57 is increased in the airway epithelium of asthmatics and in mice with allergic airways disease. ERp57 increase is associated with redox modification of pro- inflammatory, apoptotic and fibrotic mediators, and contribute to airways hyperresposiveness (AHR). The strategies to inhibit ERp57 specifically within the airways epithelium may provide an opportunity to alleviate allergic asthma phenotype.

Collectively, these findings demonstrate that IL-1β/inhibitory κB kinase ε signaling plays an important role in HDM-induced glycolysis and pathogenesis of allergic airways disease.

Before breath-based diagnostics for lung infections can be implemented in the clinic, it is necessary to understand how the breath volatiles change during the course of infection, and, ideally, to identify a core set of breath markers that can be used to identify the pathogen at any point during the infection. In the study presented here, we use secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) to characterize the breathprint of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus lung infections in a murine model over a period of 120 h, with a total of 86 mice in the study. Using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to evaluate the time-course data, we were able to show that SESI-MS breathprinting can be used to robustly classify acute P. aeruginosa and S. aureus mouse lung infections at any time during the 120 h infection/clearance process. The variable importance plot from PLS indicates that multiple peaks from the SESI-MS breathprints are required for discriminating the bacterial infections. Therefore, by utilizing the entire breathprint rather than single biomarkers, infectious agents can be diagnosed by SESI-MS independent of when during the infection breath is tested.