This article uses data from focus groups to examine how older nonmetropolitan residents of upstate New York construct their transportation arrangements during different stages of the life course. The article also analyzes the effectiveness of different modes of transportation in facilitating life-maintenance and higher order needs of older individuals. Almost universally, youngold (age 65 to 74) rural residents drive themselves to most of their activities; a small proportion also use public buses to fill some of their transportation needs. Old-old (age 75 and older) individuals, by necessity, rely on a wider range of transportation options because of driving cessation among some in this group. The focus groups allowed older participants to speak for themselves regarding what they liked and disliked about different transportation options, thus providing findings that policy makers and transportation planners might use for designing transportation systems that meet the needs of older rural and small-town residents.As the United States becomes an increasingly older society, the safety and mobility of older persons, the primary and alternative modes of transportation used by and available to them, and the effectiveness of different modes of transportation in helping older persons maintain their independence will become increasingly important. Between 1990 and 2030, the population aged 65 and older is projected to more than double in size (Siegel, 1993). Large and increasing numbers and proportions of older people will result in increasing numbers and proportions of older drivers. Moreover, with the increasing numbers and proportions of oldest-old (aged 85 and older), older Downloaded from individuals are more likely to reach a point where the cessation of driving and a search for alternative means of transportation are necessary. With continuing rapid increases in the numbers and proportions of older people, it behooves researchers, policy makers, and practitioners to plan for the transportation needs of current and future older cohorts.Effective transportation arrangements contribute to older persons' social integration by facilitating social interaction, community participation, and access to goods and services (Glasgow, 1998). Especially among older rural residents, activities are often too distant to reach by walking, and older rural people risk social isolation if they do not have effective transportation arrangements. The general analytical framework guiding this research is that rural older persons construct their transportation arrangements in a variety of ways depending on their personal characteristics, life stage, the nature of their social networks, and the attributes of their communities.According to Rosenbloom (1988), rural older people make almost 90% of their trips in private vehicles, although not necessarily as the driver. This information is useful, but it does not tell us how and why older rural residents construct their transportation arrangements as they do. The present study analyzes qualitativ...
The importance of participation in voluntary formal associations for enhancing health is supported by four kinds of evidence. (1) Seven prospective studies of social relations and mortality show the independent effect of formal social participation, net of informal ties. (2) Conceptual analysis demonstrates that voluntary formal associations constitute a separate class of social causation. (3) Our factor analysis of data from a sample of 629 nonmetropolitan elderly identified two types of formal social participation: "instrumental," as in associations that are community oriented, and "expressive," as in those that exist for the benefit of the members. (4) Regression analysis showed that the instrumental participation factor is linked, net of controls, to the perceived health of both men and women, whereas the expressive factor predicts for women only.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of different residential environments on informal and formal caregiving provided to older people. The author uses two kinds of evidence to address this central concern. First, recent demographic trends are examined to ascertain the availability of informal caregivers among older people living in different places of residence. This line of inquiry focuses on the supply of potential caregivers. Second, previous research on rural/urban patterns of informal and formal caregiving for older people is reviewed. In conjunction with these two lines of inquiry, the author discusses past, present, and future trends in aging and caregiving. Because little direct evidence exists with which to examine particular aspects of rural/urban patterns of caregiving, the author discusses needed areas of future research.
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