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RIRS and PCNL were more effective than SWL to obtain a better SFR and less auxiliary and re-treatment rate in single lower calyceal stone with a CT diameter between 1 and 2 cm. RIRS compared to PCNL offers the best outcome in terms of procedure length, radiation exposure and hospital stay. ISRCTN 55546280.

Objectives• To test the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of serum prostate-specific antigen isoform [-2]proPSA (p2PSA), %p2PSA and the prostate health index (PHI), in men with a family history of prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing prostate biopsy for suspected PCa.• To evaluate the potential reduction in unnecessary biopsies and the characteristics of potentially missed cases of PCa that would result from using serum p2PSA, %p2PSA and PHI. Patients and Methods• The analysis consisted of a nested case-control study from the PRO-PSA Multicentric European Study, the PROMEtheuS project.• All patients had a first-degree relative (father, brother, son) with PCa.• Multivariable logistic regression models were complemented by predictive accuracy analysis and decision-curve analysis. Gleason score (r: 0.247, P = 0.038; r: 0.366, P = 0.002; r: 0.464, P < 0.001, respectively). Results • Of the 1026 patients included in the PROMEtheuS Conclusions• %p2PSA and PHI are more accurate than tPSA, fPSA and %fPSA in predicting PCa in men with a family history of PCa.• Consideration of %p2PSA and PHI results in the avoidance of several unnecessary biopsies. • p2PSA, %p2PSA and PHI correlate with cancer aggressiveness.

Our findings support the use of Ga labeled prostate specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computerized tomography for primary detection of prostate cancer in a specific subset of men.

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