scored for the presence and absence of UUT urothelial tumour by two radiologists, retrospectively and independently, and while unaware of the demographic and clinical information. The reference standards were the histopathology and clinical follow-up. RESULTS MDCTU CONCLUSIONThis study validates quantitatively the use of MDCTU for diagnosing UUT urothelial tumour.

Numerous studies have been undertaken demonstrating that online learning is an effective teaching tool, working best when combined with more conventional teaching methods. There is a paucity of data both examining the longitudinal blending of an e-module with more conventional modes of curriculum delivery and also relating to the time and financial costs involved in successful delivery of such a module. The study reported in this article was performed over an academic year in a cohort of 101 year 5 medical students. It demonstrates that there are significant set-up costs involved in designing and implementing an online module, although these costs will diminish following initial set-up. Surveys performed throughout the year demonstrated consistently high levels of student satisfaction, with appreciation of the educational benefits provided by e-learning. Successful clinician engagement and effective IT support are essential ingredients to success. Future research is likely to focus on outcome evaluations of e-learning and how it may affect learner knowledge, skills or attitudes.

Thyroid nodules are a common occurrence in the general population, and these incidental thyroid nodules are often referred for ultrasound (US) evaluation. US provides a safe and fast method of examination. It is sensitive for the detection of thyroid nodules, and suspicious features can be used to guide further investigation/management decisions. However, given the financial burden on the health service and unnecessary anxiety for patients, it is unrealistic to biopsy every thyroid nodule to confirm diagnosis. The British Thyroid Association (BTA) has recently produced a US classification (U1–U5) of thyroid nodules to facilitate the decision-making process regarding the need to perform fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for suspicious cases. In this pictorial review, we provide a complete series of sonographic images to illustrate benign and malignant features of thyroid nodules according to the U1–5 classification. Specifically, we highlight morphologic characteristic of the nodule, including its echo signal in relation to its consistency, nodular size, number and contour. Additional diagnostic features such as halo, colloid, calcification and vascular patterns are also discussed in detail. The aim is to assist radiologists and clinicians in recognising sonographic patterns of benign, suspicious and malignant nodules based on U1–5 criteria, and in planning for further investigations.Main messages• Ultrasound is sensitive in identifying suspicious features, which require aspiration.• Whether nodules require aspiration should be based on sonographic features and clinical findings.• U1–5 classification of sonographic findings can help determine whether aspiration is necessary.