Childhood is a critical period in the development of obesity. Eating patterns established early in life track into later life. Therefore, parental approaches to feeding in their general parenting style, feeding styles, and specific feeding practices will have a profound impact on how children eat and grow. A systematic research review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted to identify, discuss and integrate recent research investigating the relationship between parenting styles, feeding styles, feeding practices, and body mass index (BMI) in children. Medline (Ovid), PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Food Science and Technology Abstracts were systematically searched using sensitive search strategies. Studies were limited to papers published in English between 2010 and February 2015 with participants aged 4–12 years old with outcomes including obesity, change in weight, or BMI. The search yielded 31 relevant quantitative peer-reviewed papers meeting all inclusion criteria: seven longitudinal, 23 cross-sectional, one randomized control trial. Associations between parenting style and child BMI were strongest and most consistent within the longitudinal studies. Uninvolved, indulgent or highly protective parenting was associated with higher child BMI, whereas authoritative parenting was associated with a healthy BMI. Similarly for feeding styles, indulgent feeding was consistently associated with risk of obesity within cross-sectional studies. Specific feeding practices such as restriction and pressure to eat were linked to BMI, especially within cross-sectional studies. Where child traits were measured, the feeding practice appeared to be responsive to the child, therefore restriction was applied to children with a high BMI and pressure to eat applied to children with a lower BMI. Behaviors and styles that are specific to the feeding context are consistently associated with child BMI. However, since obesity emerges over time, it is through longitudinal, carefully measured (through questionnaire and observation) studies which take account of child appetite and temperament that the association between parenting style, feeding style, specific feeding practices, and child obesity will be understood.

Article:Shloim, N orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-5434, Vereijkan, CMJL, Blundell, P et al. It is known that duration of breastfeeding and responsive feeding are associated with decreased risk of obesity. It is however, not clear whether breastfed infants signal more to mothers to facilitate responsive feeding, compared to formula fed, nor what communication cues are important during the feeding interaction. The present study aimed to explore feeding cues in milk-fed infants and to examine if such cues vary by mode of feeding. Twenty-seven mothers and infants were filmed while breastfeeding or formula feeding. Infants' age ranged from 3-22 weeks. Feeding cues were identified using a validated list of communication cues (NCAST). The frequency of each cue during the beginning, middle, and end of the meal was recorded. There were 22 feeding cues identified during the feeds, with significantly more frequent disengagement cues expressed than engagement cues. Significantly more frequent feeding cues were observed at the beginning than at the end of the meal showing that cue frequency changes with satiation. Breastfeeding infants exhibited more engagement and disengagement cues than formula fed infants. Supporting mothers to identify engagement and disengagement cues during a milk feed may promote more responsive feeding-strategies that can be acquired by mothers using different modes of feeding. Introduction:

Abstract:Background: The relationship between body-mass-index (BMI) during pregnancy and the risk of disease has been widely explored. The following study examined the relationship between self-esteem, disordered eating and body image to BMI during pregnancy.Methods: 110 women from Israel and the UK completed the following questionnaires: Sociodemographic details (self-reported age, education levels); the Rosenberg Self-Esteem questionnaire; the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ); and scales to assess body image and body image disturbance. BMI was calculated from antenatal records and classified as healthy weight (BMI <25 kg/m 2 ) or overweight (≥35 kg/m 2 ) using standard BMI cut offs. Spearman correlation, MannWhitney tests and linear regression modelling were applied to determine the relationship between variables and differences between countries and BMI categories.Results: Self -esteem did not differ from non-pregnant population levels. Frequency of high restraint (>3.5 DEBQ) was lower for UK healthy weight women. For both countries a high correlation was found between body image and BMI, with significantly higher body dissatisfaction for Israeli than UK women. Conclusions:Io piAgonocyz UH noR IiinA,C wnmAo'i ,AvA,i no iA,o-esteem did not differ from reported ranges for non-pregnant women, whilst poor body image and more restrained eating in healthy-weight women was found only in Israel.

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Objective: The present study explored how Israeli and UK mothers integrate feeding into their conceptualisations of mothering 2-6 month's post-partum.Background: The nature and importance of motherhood is subject to differential contextual, cultural, political and historical influences. We set out to compare experiences of motherhood and feeding be-tween these two countries using a qualitative approach.