The nutritional challenge faced by the monogastric animals due to the chelation effects of phytic acid, fuel the research on bioprospecting of probiotics for phytase production. Pediococcus acidilactici SMVDUDB2 isolated from Kalarei, exhibited extracellular phytase activity of 5.583 U/mL after statistical optimization of fermentation conditions viz. peptone (1.27%); temperature (37 °C); pH (6.26) and maltose (1.43%). The phytase enzyme possessed optimum pH and temperature of 5.5 and 37 °C, respectively and was thermostable at 60 °C. The enzyme was purified 6.42 fold with a specific activity of 245.12 U/mg with hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purified enzyme had K m and V max values of 0.385 mM and 4.965 μmol/min respectively, with sodium phytate as substrate. The strain depicted more than 80% survival rate at low pH (pH 2.0, 3.0), high bile salt concentration (0.3 and 0.5%), after gastrointestinal transit, highest hydrophobicity affinity with ethyl acetate (33.33 ± 0%), autoaggregation (77.68 ± 0.68%) as well as coaggregation (73.57 ± 0.47%) with Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160). The strain exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121), Mycobacterium smegmatis (MTCC 994), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160), Proteus vulgaris (MTCC 426), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1652) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (MTCC 1408). The amount of exopolysaccharide produced by the strain was 2 g/L. This strain having the capability of phytate degradation and possessing probiotic traits could find application in food and feed sectors.
In the present work, Cedrus deodara (deodar) sawdust abbreviated as DS was subjected to thermochemical pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation for bioethanol production. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) tool was employed to optimize dilute acid pretreatment method (at 121°C temperature and 1-bar pressure) and enzymatic hydrolysis processes. Factorial design of experiments used chemical concentration, incubation time, and biomass loading to optimize thermochemical pretreatment method using dilute acid concentration. Maximum total reducing sugar (TRS) concentration (13.62 g/L) was obtained using optimized conditions (1.5% HCl concentration, 10% biomass loading and 30-min incubation time). These significant studies were subjected to optimize enzymatic hydrolysis process using the CCD tool of the RSM where cellulase loading, xylanase loading, pH, and temperature were taken into consideration. TRS concentration obtained was 29.20 g/L after 48 h with enzyme loading of 9 U/g biomass, each for cellulase and xylanase enzyme at pH 5.0 and 30°C temperature. Fermentation conditions for enzymatically hydrolyzed DS revealed that at 10% (v/v) yeast inoculum concentrations (Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MTCC-36) and Pichia stipitis (NCIM-3498)) after 24-h fermentation time and pH 5.0, bioethanol concentration was 14.25 g/L with 95.68% conversion efficiency. Characterization studies for native and pretreated DS by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed delignification rate of 30.93% of DS biomass under optimized thermochemical pretreatment conditions. Statistical studies for optimization of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis for bioethanol production stated DS sawdust (a furniture industry waste) as a potential substrate for biofuel production.
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