Introduction: Sialorrhoea, or excessive salivation, is common in psychiatric patients. This can be distressing because of its physical and psychosocial complications. Sialorrhoea due to psychotropic drugs has been reported repeatedly in the literature. Clozapine is the antipsychotic most commonly associated with sialorrhoea. Objective: The objective of this review was to examine and discuss the existing literature on all psychotropic drugs associated with sialorrhoea, except clozapine. Methods: Google Scholar and PubMed were searched for the literature on psychotropic-induced sialorrhoea. The search terms used were sialorrhoea, antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizer, and benzodiazepines. Case reports on patients suffering from psychotropic-induced sialorrhoea except clozapine are reviewed in this study. Results: The pathophysiology behind psychotropic-induced sialorrhoea, the population susceptible to sialorrhoea, and the exact duration from the start of sialorrhoea the drug course to the onset of sialorrhoea are unknown. Also, sialorrhoea is not associated with drug toxicity and is observed even in patients receiving normal doses of psychotropic medications. Treatment involves dose reduction, discontinuation of drugs responsible for the adverse effect, or adding anticholinergic drugs. Conclusion: Sialorrhoea due to clozapine has been reported in the literature. Many other antipsychotics, antidepressants such as sertraline, and other psychotropic drugs such as lithium have also been reported to cause sialorrhoea. No increase in the risk of sialorrhoea was seen in any of the age groups, and no association was found with treatment duration. In cases of lithium-induced sialorrhoea, no relationship was observed between serum levels of lithium and sialorrhoea.
Television is one of our most preferred forms of entertainment. Due to the emergence of smartphones and online streaming platforms television is now in our hands and pockets constantly. Depression may be positively related to television viewing affinity. Individuals higher in depression were more likely to binge- watch television shows out of comfort seeking. It also seemed possible that individuals who had higher in depression lack the motivation or cognitive energy to resist the auto- play functions of streaming products. Viewers tend to binge watch more in order to forget temporarily about every day life stress due to work and social life that are the hallmark of many depressive episodes.Still ,the cause and effect relationship could not be established properly;it is not known whether the depressed people tend to binge-watch more for the reasons mentioned or the binge watching leads to depression. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that both depression and binge watching in many ways can be prelude for the other. So, it is plausible to conduct further studies on pathophysiology of binge watching and depression and to find the core behind the link between them.
KEYWORDS: Binge-watching, Depression, Smart phones
Schizophrenia is one of the most common psychotic spectrum disorders encountered in daily practice.Auditory
hallucinations is one of the most prominent presenting symptom.There is still dilemma about the intensity and nature of
hallucinations mostly auditory and visual ones in deaf patients presenting with psychotic breaks.Further research and sample based study is
warranted.
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