Summary
Recurrence of idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a serious complication after kidney transplantation. FSGS relapse is suspected by a sudden increase in proteinuria but there is not an accurate noninvasive diagnostic tool to confirm this entity or to detect patients at risk. We aimed to validate the diagnostic performance of ApoA‐Ib to detect FSGS relapses by measuring urinary ApoA‐Ib in a retrospective cohort of 61 kidney transplanted patients (37 FSGS and 24 non‐FSGS). In addition, to assess the ApoA‐Ib predictive ability, ApoA‐Ib was measured periodically in a prospective cohort of 13 idiopathic FSGS patients who were followed during 1 year after transplantation. ApoA‐Ib had a sensitivity of 93.3% and a specificity of 90.9% to diagnose FSGS relapses, with a high negative predictive value (95.2%), confirming our previous results. In the prospective cohort, ApoA‐Ib predated the recurrence in four of five episodes observed. In the nonrelapsing group (n = 9), ApoA‐Ib was negative in 37 of 38 samples. ApoA‐Ib has the potential to be a good diagnostic biomarker of FSGS relapses, providing a confident criterion to exclude false positives even in the presence of high proteinuria. It has also the potential to detect patients at risk of relapse, even before transplantation.
Apolipoprotein A-Ib (ApoA-Ib) is a high molecular weight form of Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) found specifically in the urine of kidney-transplanted patients with recurrent idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). To determine the nature of the modification present in ApoA-Ib, we sequenced the whole APOA1 gene in ApoA-Ib positive and negative patients, and we also studied the protein primary structure using mass spectrometry. No genetic variations in the APOA1 gene were found in the ApoA-Ib positive patients that could explain the increase in its molecular mass. The mass spectrometry analysis revealed three extra amino acids at the N-Terminal end of ApoA-Ib that were not present in the standard plasmatic form of ApoA-I. These amino acids corresponded to half of the propeptide sequence of the immature form of ApoA-I (proApoA-I) indicating that ApoA-Ib is a misprocessed form of proApoA-I. The description of ApoA-Ib could be relevant not only because it can allow the automated analysis of this biomarker in the clinical practice but also because it has the potential to shed light into the molecular mechanisms that cause idiopathic FSGS, which is currently unknown.
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