Seventy genotypes belonging to 7 wild and cultivated Vigna species were genetically differentiated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), universal rice primer (URP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. We identified RAPD marker, OPG13 which produced a species-specific fingerprint profile. This primer characterized all the Vigna species uniquely suggesting an insight for their co-evolution, domestication and interspecific relationship. The cluster analysis of combined data set of all the markers resulted in five major groups. Most of the genotypes belonging to cultivated species formed a specific group whereas all the wild species formed a separate cluster using unweighted paired group method with arithmetic averages and principle component analysis. The Mantel matrix correspondence test resulted in a high matrix correlation with best fit (r = 0.95) from combined marker data. Comparison of three-marker systems showed that SSR marker was more efficient in detecting genetic variability among all the Vigna species. The narrow genetic base of the V. radiata cultivars obtained in the present study emphasized that large germplasm collection should be used in Vigna improvement programme.
AbstractsTo produce anticipated output of any crop, the site specific nutrients management (SSNM) is essential for balance and adequate nutrients supply without impairing the inherent fertility status of soil. For cowpea seed production and to maintain soil nutrient status, a field experiment was conducted with nine treatments (nutrients combinations) to find out appropriate SSNM practice. Nutrients especially N, P, K, S, Zn and Bo requirement for cowpea seed production was estimated to 30, 60, 50, 30, 15 and 2.0 kg per hectare respectively and treated as 100% of SSNM. Growth and development parameters were significantly influenced with the treatments. Maximum plant height (61.9 cm) was recorded when crop was fed with 125 per cent of SSNM. However minimum plant height (54.8 cm) was recorded in case of SSNM-N. Leaf Area Index (LAI) at 60 DAS ranged from 3.37 to 3.91. Nodules dry weight was significantly influenced by boron treatments apart from nitrogen and other as well. Maximum seed yield was obtained (2237.2 kg /ha) in the plot fertilized with 125 per cent of SSNM and minimum (1343.5 kg/ha) was recorded in the plot fertilized with state recommendation. Highest and lowest gross ( 40270/-and 24183/-) was recorded with 125 per cent of SSNM and with state recommendation respectively. Application of 125 per cent of SSNM recorded maximum uptake of nitrogen (205.3 kg / ha) which is at par with 100 % of SSNM. None of the treatment influences significantly soil fertility and physico-chemical properties of the soil rather slight improvement were recorded in all the observed parameters though considerable build-up of available P and exchangeable K was noticed in plots fertilized with SSNM.
Intercropping of tobacco with garlic produced the highest total (2292 kg/ha) and first grade (1256 kg/ha) cured leaves of tobacco. In the recommended dose of respective intercrops 75% produced total and first grade cured tobacco leaves compared to 100 per cent of the recommended dose. Tobacco quality was also influenced with nutrient management. Puckering and maturity scores did not impaired up to 50 per cent application of nutrients to intercrops. Among the intercrops garlic gave the highest economic yield (1.18 t/ha) over three years on the basis of monetary gain. The highest net return (Rs 47,948 / ha) and cost benefit ratio (1:1.78) was achieved under tobacco + garlic intercropping system. Nutrient supplied at 75 percent of recommended dose provided net return (Rs 45551/ ha) and cost benefit ratio (1:1.81) equivalent to 100 per cent of recommended doses. Soil fertility was either maintained or improved due to intercropping intervention in comparison to cultivating tobacco sole.
IntroductionTobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.) is an important commercial crop which is traded for its quality leaves and quoted as golden leaf in the world market. India is one of the largest producer and exporter of tobacco in the world. Total tobacco production in India is about 700 million kilograms annually and the market's already worth a massive US $5 billion (Singh 2010). It contains several alkolids including nicotine which can be used in a variety of ways including medical and agricultural pest management. It can be grown under wide range of climatic and soil conditions which play a crucial role in Indian economy in general and Bihar in particular (Singh et al. 2000). Tobacco especially chewing type is a remunerative rabi cash crop of irrigated uplands of Bihar. Majority of (about 80%) tobacco growers/farmers fall under small and marginal capacity with land holding size of less than one hectare (Singh, 2010). With the improved crop management practices and availability of high yielding, short duration, photo-and thermoinsensitive varieties of different crops provides ample scope for experimenting with several crops combinations to develop tobacco based cropping systems to scale up the economic status of tobacco growers of Bihar State. To improve their income from tobacco field without compromising production and quality of main crop i.e. tobacco, intercrops possessing short canopy, able to provide competition free environment as well as having high market value are the important parameters for selection of intercrops. Garlic (Allium sativum L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were the crops which by and large fit well in the yardsticks.
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