The identification of molecular structure is essential for understanding chemical diversity and for developing drug leads from small molecules. Nevertheless, the structure elucidation of small molecules by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments is often a long and non-trivial process that relies on years of training. To achieve this process efficiently, several spectral databases have been established to retrieve reference NMR spectra. However, the number of reference NMR spectra available is limited and has mostly facilitated annotation of commercially available derivatives. Here, we introduce DeepSAT, a neural network-based structure annotation and scaffold prediction system that directly extracts the chemical features associated with molecular structures from their NMR spectra. Using only the 1H-13C HSQC spectrum, DeepSAT identifies related known compounds and thus efficiently assists in the identification of molecular structures. DeepSAT is expected to accelerate chemical and biomedical research by accelerating the identification of molecular structures.
Yin Yang 2 (YY2) is a paralog of YY1, a well-known multifunctional transcription factor containing a C-terminal zinc finger domain. Although the role of YY1 in various biological processes, such as the cell cycle, cell differentiation and tissue development, is well established, the function of YY2 has not been fully determined. In this study, we investigated the functional role of YY2 during osteoblast differentiation. YY2 overexpression and knockdown increased and decreased osteoblast differentiation, respectively, in BMP4-induced C2C12 cells. Mechanistically, YY2 overexpression increased the mRNA and protein levels of Osterix (Osx), whereas YY2 knockdown had the opposite effect. To investigate whether YY2 regulates Osx transcription, the effect of YY2 overexpression and knockdown on Osx promoter activity was evaluated. YY2 overexpression significantly increased Osx promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner, whereas YY2 knockdown had the opposite effect. Furthermore, vectors containing deletion and point mutations were constructed to specify the regulation site. Both the Y1 and Y2 sites were responsible for YY2-mediated Osx promoter activation. These results indicate that YY2 is a positive regulator of osteoblast differentiation that functions by upregulating the promoter activity of Osx, a representative osteogenic transcription factor in C2C12 cells.
To implement wearable textile displays (WTDs), it is
essential
that unique properties such as physical and chemical properties, aesthetics,
and flexibility of the textile be maintained. Therefore, thin film
transistors (TFTs) for WTDs should exhibit excellent electrical properties
to enable 4K and 8K high resolution and high frame-rate (>120 Hz)
displays while maintaining the properties of textiles. All layers
of TFTs were formed by vacuum deposition and oxide-based transparent
materials; amorphous In–Ga–Zn-O (a-IGZO), indium tin
oxide (ITO), and Al2O3 were used. A transparent
and flexible electrode with an ITO/Ag/ITO (IAI) structure was optimized
and applied to the source/drain and gate. All processes were performed
below 150 °C, and the wet-step was eliminated to prevent physical
and chemical deformation of the substrate. The flexible, transparent,
high mobility a-IGZO TFTs (FTH TFTs) for WTDs were fabricated on glass,
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, and textile substrates, respectively.
Their electrical performance, transparency, and flexibility were then
compared. The textile-based TFTs showed transmittance of 72.98%, high
mobility of 11.5 cm2/(V s), and an on/off ratio of 9.28
× 107 even in a low temperature process (<150 °C).
In addition, the electrical properties of the textile-based TFTs were
maintained despite testing entailing 1000 cycles of bending with a
tensile strain of 0.8%. In particular, the FTH TFTs for WTDs were
able to stably drive a red organic light-emitting diode on textile.
Science museums have long been heralded as important informal science education sites where people can engage in voluntary and experiential science learning. In this paper, we identify and raise questions about how science museum responses to a global pandemic could impact on accessibility of informal science education for the public. To explore these issues, we examined the response of the Gwacheon National Science Museum (GNSM) to COVID-19 in South Korea using publicly available data from the museum website and museum YouTube video channel. Analysis shows that the pandemic has increased and diversified the GNSM’s provision of science content for the general public via online platforms, such as YouTube and the museum website. In addition, GNSM educators are preparing special outreach education projects for deaf and blind visitors, who have often been excluded from informal science learning opportunities. By discussing these changes, we seek to raise questions about the potential for a global pandemic, like COVID-19, to affect informal science learning opportunities for a diverse group of people.
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