Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions ( N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role.

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This initiative examined systematically the extent to which a large set of archival research findings generalizes across contexts. We repeated the key analyses for 29 original strategic management effects in the same context (direct reproduction) as well as in 52 novel time periods and geographies; 45% of the reproductions returned results matching the original reports together with 55% of tests in different spans of years and 40% of tests in novel geographies. Some original findings were associated with multiple new tests. Reproducibility was the best predictor of generalizability—for the findings that proved directly reproducible, 84% emerged in other available time periods and 57% emerged in other geographies. Overall, only limited empirical evidence emerged for context sensitivity. In a forecasting survey, independent scientists were able to anticipate which effects would find support in tests in new samples.

Background: Hepatitis B remains an important public health concern in South Africa. Despite the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination in 1995, the prevalence of chronic HBsAg positivity remains unacceptably high. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B plays an important role in developing countries, and occurs mainly through body fluids like saliva. A recent nosocomial hepatitis B virus (HBV) outbreak involving 38 patients occurred in the paediatric haematology and oncology unit of a large tertiary hospital in South Africa from March 2012. Possible breaches in standard infection control precautions, contaminated multiple-dose vials and transmission through body fluids were implicated. We describe the subsequent infection prevention and control strategies that were put in place.Methods & Materials: Following the outbreak, a series of strategies to minimise nosocomial transmission of HBV were implemented. Universal infection control precautions were again emphasized in the daily practice of all personnel, including strict hand washing and use of gloves. Other policies included eliminating the use of multi-dose vials, cleaning and thoroughly disinfecting reusable equipment, and preventing the sharing of personal utensils (toothbrushes, eating utensils). Testing for hepatitis B infection and immunity on first admission to the unit and vaccinating patients with low levels of anti-HBs antibodies were put into practise. A full vaccination schedule is initiated in patients with anti-HBs titres <10 mIU/ml, and a booster HBV vaccine given to those patients with anti-HBs titres <100 mIU/ml. All patients attending the unit are now routinely monitored every 3 months for declining levels of anti-HBs antibodies, and vaccinated if titres fall below 100 mIU/ml.Results: The preventive measures that were introduced following the outbreak reduced the incidence of HBV infection significantly. Only one new case of HBV infection, suspected to be unrelated to the outbreak, has occurred in a 10 month period following implementation of these measures.Conclusion: This outbreak highlights the importance of adequate infection prevention and control strategies in the prevention of nosocomial transmission of hepatitis B virus infection. Paediatric haematology and oncology units should implement policies of active on-going surveillance for HBV infections and formulate clear guidelines for prevention and control thereof.http://dx.

Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countries’ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countries. Using data from 62 countries ( N = 28,640), we examine binary gender gaps in agentic and communal self-views as a function of country-level objective gender equality (the Global Gender Gap Index) and subjective distributions of social power (the Power Distance Index). Findings show that in more egalitarian countries, gender gaps in agency are smaller and gender gaps in communality are larger. These patterns are driven primarily by cross-country differences in men’s self-views and by the Power Distance Index (PDI) more robustly than the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). We consider possible causes and implications of these findings.