Morphological characteristics, blood groups and blood protein polymorphisms of indigenous chickens in Bangladesh were investigated. Gene frequencies were analyzed at 29 loci controlling comb shape (the P, R and Cr loci), plumage color (the B, E, I and S loci), shank color (the Id locus), blood groups (the Ea-A, Ea-B, Ea-D and Ea-E loci) and blood proteins (the Amy-1 and-3, Akp and Akp-2, Es-1, Alb, Tf, Pas, Hb-1 and-2, LDH, 6-PGD, PGM, PHI, To, MDH and Es-D loci). In addition, phenotypic frequency of earlobe color was also examined. Among these 29 loci, 8 blood protein loci were monomorphic. Gene frequencies were compared among the local populations in Bangladesh. The frequencies of the E and I alleles for plumage color and of the Amy-lA and Hb-lA alleles for blood proteins showed a geographical cline. These frequencies were a little higher in the populations of the Chittagong Division than in those of the Dhaka Division. Although gene frequencies at other loci also varied considerably among the local populations, no geographical cline was found. Genetic distances between each pair of the local populations were small, and the coefficient of gene differentiation among them, GST, was only .058. These results suggest that the indigenous chickens (nondescript deshi type) of Bangladesh may be regarded as one breed or population.
Background: Hyperactivation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway is a postulated mechanism of resistance to anti-HER2 therapies and has also been described in triple-negative breast tumors. In HER2−amplified (HER2+) laboratory models, inhibition of this pathway induces activation of upstream receptor tyrosine kinases such as HER3. In triple-negative breast cancer (TN), HER1 overexpression has been identified and models show sensitivity to combined HER1 and mTOR inhibition. We hypothesize that dual inhibition of the PI3K pathway, HER1/2, and induced HER3 may be highly effective in patients with HER2+ or TN breast cancer (BC). This phase I/II trial is designed to determine the tolerability and possible efficacy of the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus (T) plus the HER1/2 inhibitor neratinib (N) in patients with trastuzumab-refractory, HER2+ or TN BC. We will also explore mutational activation of the PI3K pathway in trastuzumab-refractory tumors as it relates to response to the T-N combination. Methods: The phase I dose-escalation study evaluated T (flat dose IV weekly) plus N (240 mg oral daily) in patients with metastatic HER2+ or TN BC. Cycle length was 4 weeks. Phase I end points included definition of maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and response rate (RR) per RECIST. The phase II study has a Simon two-stage design and evaluates the HER2+ and TN patients separately. Phase II endpoints include progression free survival and duration of response. Response was evaluated radiographically every 8 weeks, toxicity assessed every 2 weeks. All patients underwent biopsy of metastatic disease for biomarker assessment. Activating mutations in PIK3CA were assayed using the Sequenom MassARRAY system. Expression of PTEN was assessed by immunohistochemistry utilizing a published scoring system. Results: The phase I study enrolled 8 HER2+ patients who received a median of 5 (1-13) cycles of therapy. All patients had received trastuzumab and a median of 5.5 (2-12) prior lines of therapy. Frequent treatment-related grade 2 events were: hyperglycemia (4/8), elevated CPK (3/8), diarrhea (2/8), and rash (2/8). Grade 3 diarrhea was the dose-limiting toxicity. Other grade 3 toxicity was hyperglycemia (1/8); hematologic toxicities were not observed. The MTD of temsirolimus with neratinib is 8 mg IV weekly. Six patients treated at MTD were evaluable for response; 4 patients had PR, 1 had SD for a RR of 67%. PI3K pathway activation, through PIK3CA mutational activation or PTEN loss, was identified in 4/6 tumors analyzed and did not preclude response to temsirolimus and neratinib. Updated results reflecting the phase II patients will be reported. Conclusions: Temsirolimus plus neratinib is active in trastuzumab-refractory HER2+ patients. The phase II study is ongoing and additional efficacy and safety data in both HER2−amplified and triple-negative breast cancer patients will be presented. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD09-08.
Solanum aethiopicum L. is native to sub-Saharan Africa but is now found in many parts of the world. It is used for food, medicinal, and ornamental purposes. It has also been used as a rootstock for tomato and common eggplant because of its resistance to certain pathogens. However, very little is known about its genetics, so the purpose of this work was to assess intraspecific variability in S. aethiopicum via morphological and cytomolecular characterization of 12 scarlet eggplant accessions. Cluster analysis was used for grouping the accessions using means of 27 variables. Four separate groups were found, with two groups each consisting of five accessions and two other groups each consisting of only one accession. Variability was high with flower-and fruit-associated descriptors among the accessions. Monoploid genome sizes (Cx-value), average chromosome sizes (C/n-value), and GC content were determined. Haploid genome size of S. aethiopicum
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