The article examines the impact of international migration on the labour supply of male and female left-behind household members in both market and non-market work. In addition, we examine the labour supply behaviour of women whose husbands have migrated abroad. After controlling for potential endogeneity using the instrument variable (IV-probit)
approach, estimates show that the supply of male and female left-behind members in market work decreases. While international migration results in the relocation of labour supply of male left-behind members from salary and casual wage workers to self-employed workers, it increases female left-behind members' participation in household duties and reduces their participation in unpaid family work.The heterogeneity effect confirms that the impact of international migration is greater in rural than in urban areas.
This study investigates the impact of international remittances on private school enrolment in Kerala. Using data from the 2010 Kerala Migration Survey and employing an instrumental variable (IV-Probit) approach to address the endogeneity of migration, we found that remittances have a positive and significant effect on private school enrolment. After disaggregating the sample into different heterogeneous groups, we found that remittances have greater effect on boys, children residing in rural areas, and those belonging to socially advantageous groups and from higher wealth quintile. Children from lower wealth quintile and belonging to socially disadvantageous groups are least affected by migration and remittances.
The paper examines the wage differentials and returns to human capital of migrant and non-migrant workers in the urban labour markets in India. Using unit-level data from the Employment, Unemployment and Migration Survey (2007)(2008), the regression analysis examines the effect of various factors particularly human capital and years since migration in determining wage differentials in different specifications. The results showed that the migrants (both rural and urban) earned higher daily wages than non-migrant workers across states, but the wage advantage was higher for urban migrants than rural migrants both in regular and casual work. Segregating the wage gap into different observable factors, the results showed that the migrant wage advantage was mainly explained by the difference in nature of employment, type of occupation, location of job and other socio-religious factors but not due to differences in human capital. However, in case of urban migrants, education plays a major role in explaining the wage advantage over non-migrants, particularly in regular wage work. Even though the migrants showed a higher wage advantage, the gap reduced with the duration of stay at the destination labour market. While modelling the occupational attainment among migrants and non-migrants, the study found that education plays an important role in enabling migrants, especially urban migrants, get access to higher-paying occupations.
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