Neuronal maturation was significantly delayed in ethanol-exposed rats. AC(o) NPCs, up to day 7 of culture, exhibited high beta-catenin-probe binding, an increase in Ca(2+) when exposed to gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and lack of response to glutamate (Glu) exposure. beta-Catenin-probe binding and the stimulatory effects of GABA declined thereafter. AC(o) NPCs, at culture day 29, exhibited high beta-catenin-probe binding, lack of response to GABA and elevated Glu-induced increase in Ca(2+i). Cultures of AE(o) NPCs showed an amplified stimulatory effects of GABA, attenuated stimulatory effects of Glu and attenuated the delayed (culture day 29) increase in the expression of Wnt proteins and beta-catenin-probe binding. This suggests a significant alteration in neurogenesis and synapse formation in adult rats exposed to ethanol at early development through their alcohol-drinking mothers.
The survival of children with cancer in India is inferior to that of children in high-income countries. The Indian Pediatric Hematology Oncology Group (IPHOG) held a series of online meetings via www.Cure4kids.org to identify barriers to cure and develop strategies to improve outcomes. Five major hurdles were identified: delayed diagnosis, abandonment, sepsis, lack of co-operative groups, and relapse. Development of regional networks like IPHOG has allowed rapid identification of local causes of treatment failure for children with cancer in India and identification of strategies likely to improve care and outcomes in the participating centers. Next steps will include interventions to raise community awareness of childhood cancer, promote early diagnosis and referral, and reduce abandonment and toxic death at each center. Starting of fellowship programs in pediatric hemato-oncology, short training programs for pediatricians, publishing outcome data, formation of parent and patient support groups, choosing the right and effective treatment protocol, and setting up of bone marrow transplant services are some of the effective steps taken in the last decade, which needs to be supported further.
S. P. Yadav et al. complex cytogenetics in 2, XO in 2, trisomy 8 in 1) disease. In the favorable-risk group, 4 died, 5 were lost to follow-up, and only 1 is alive. Among 5 patients with t(15; 17), only 2 opted for therapy. One died in induction with intracranial bleed and the other relapsed 1 year after finishing therapy. In the intermediate-risk group, 2 died during induction and 2 are alive and disease-free. In the high-risk group, 3 died, 2 were lost to follow-up, and 2 are alive with 1 disease-free.High mortality with intensive protocol, high relapse rates with less intensive protocols, and treatment abandonment are major barriers to improving outcome for pediatric AML in the developing world. Less intensive protocols with better efficacy are the need of the hour.
Declaration of interestPediatric Hematology and Oncology
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