The huge development in the number of Vehicle factories have resulted in many people having lost their life due to accident, which has made vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANETs) hot topic to enable improved communication between vehicles aimed at reducing the loss of life. The main challenge in this area is vehicle mobility, which has direct effect on network stability. Thus, most previous studies that discussed clustering focused on cluster formation, cluster-head selection and the stability of cluster to reduce the impact of mobility in the network, with little attention given to the clusters when passing from base-station to neighbor base-station. Therefore, this study focused on handover problem that occurs after cluster formation and cluster-head election during cluster passing from base station to base station, known as overlapping area. As the cluster in an overlapping area receives two signals from different base stations, the signal arriving at the cluster becomes weak due to interference between two frequencies resulting in loss of cluster information in the overlapping area. In this study, proposed a novel method named Intelligent Cluster-Head (ICH), which is a controller on two clusters that are used to change uplink between clusters to solve the handover problem in the overlapping area. The proposed method was evaluated with VMaSC-1hop method. The proposed method achieved percentage of packet loss up to 0.8%, percentage of packet delivery ratio (PDR) 99%, percentage of number of disconnected links 0.12% and percentage of network efficiency 99% in the cells edge.
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to contact one another to provide safety and comfort applications. However, mobility is a great challenge in VANETs. High vehicle speed causes topological changes that result in unstable networks. Therefore, most previous studies focused on using clustering techniques in roads to reduce the effect of vehicle mobility and enhance network stability. Vehicles stop moving at intersections, and their mobility does not impact clustering. However, none of previous studies discussed the impact of vehicle stopping at intersections on base stations (BSs). Vehicles that have stopped moving at intersections continue to send the same information to BSs, which causes duplicated information. Hence, this study proposes a new method named dynamic multiagent (DMA) to filter cluster information and prevent duplicated information from being sent to BSs at intersections. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through simulations during the use of DMA and without-DMA (W-DMA) methods based on real data collected from 10 intersections in Batu Pahat City, Johor, Malaysia. Overall, the proposed DMA method results in a considerable reduction in duplicated information at intersections, with an average percentage of 81% from the W-DMA method.
On account of the highly dynamic topology of vehicular networks, network congestion and energy utilization are greatly increased, which directly affects the performance of VANETs. So, managing traffic and reducing energy consumption in the network becomes a challenging task in such huge mobility-based VANET networks. Thus, in this paper a new traffic and cluster-based network method is introduced, namely, Traffic-Aware Clustering based Routing Protocol (TACRP). The main aim of the approach is to improve traffic management in the network as well as to reduce energy consumption in it. In the constructed network, a Traffic Management Unit (TMU) is introduced to control the entire network traffic with the help of RSUs. Vehicles with similar speed and direction are grouped into a cluster to increase the network stability and help to reduce the energy consumption of the network. The clustering model provides principles associated with vehicles leaving the clusters, joining the clusters, cluster updates and inter-cluster communication, which makes the network more stable and reliable. For instance, in the proposed work the CH selection is based on centralization, weight, distance, and energy calculation. Such network settings facilitate successfully clustering of vehicles on the road. Simulation experimental analysis showed that the proposed TACRP routing protocol achieved better results in terms of energy efficiency, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end to end delay of the network when compared with earlier methods, such as ECHS and NRHCS.
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