In the T-zone, a thinner lipid coat resulted in relatively high TEWL and pH levels changing toward alkaline. In the U-zone, thinner lipid coat was accompanied by lower TEWL and pH changing toward alkaline. We also observed that lower values of lipid coat up to 100 μg/cm were associated with higher pH values ranging toward the basic character pH 5.6-9.0).
Background: The anti-plasmin activity of Tranexamic Acid (TA) is considered to be the main mechanism of hypopigmentation. Several studies have found TA to be effective for both oral and topical application. When used to lighten stains, TA is effective even at low concentrations, ideally in the range of 2 to 5%. Increasing the duration of treatment is more effective than increasing the concentration of TA: Higher concentrations of TA (> 5%) do not improve the effect but rather cause irritation. The TA formulations were applied once or twice a day, and the average duration was eight to twelve weeks: advantageous therapeutic effects were observed after this period. Other studies gave intradermal injections once weekly for 12 weeks, also with an acceptable efficiency. The compound may be administered topically to the skin in the form of emulsions, creams and solutions, and formulations containing liposomes. Encapsulation of TA in liposomes may reduce potential skin irritation, and it ensure high formulation stability, decrease the risk of leakage and allow long-term sustained release. Intradermal injections of TA produce relatively quick bleaching results without significant side effects. Conclusion: In conclusion it should be stated that the lightening effect of tranexamic acid in topical and intradermal applications has been most extensively studied in the case of melasma, and most studies have been performed in Asia. Therefore, the final evaluation of TA, in the cases other than melasma and hyperpigmentation, requires further studies. However, further studies are needed in order to optimize the frequency of application of TA and to determine the long-term benefits from its use, especially concerning stains other than chloasma.
Carbon powders can be synthesized using variety of CVD and detonation methods. Several interesting properties of carbon powder particles make them a very attractive material examined in many laboratories all over the world. However there is a lack of information discussing investigation of carbon powders directed to its application in pharmaceutical-cosmetic industry and medicine. Earlier investigation results proved that diamond powders present properties fighting free radicals. Presented work discusses the influence of carbon powder particles manufactured using MW/RF PACVD, RF PACVD and detonation methods onto hydro-lipid skin coat. Before the biological examinations physicochemical properties of carbon powders were determined. Grain size, shape and chemical composition of carbon powders were determined using the scanning electron microscopy. Surface functional groups were characterized by IR Fourier-transform spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Structure and phase composition were investigated by means of the Raman spectroscopy. Results of allergy tests performed on laboratory mice proved that carbon powder particles synthesized using different methods do not cause allergy. In the following stage, the group of 20 patients applied the formula including carbon powder on their face skin. The influence of carbon powder onto hydro-lipid skin coat was determined by measurement of such parameters as: pH reaction, skin temperature, lipid fotometry and level of hydration. Additionally, macro pictures of places where the cream had been applied were registered. As the result of the investigation it was found that powders synthesized using various methods present different physicochemical properties which may individually affect the face skin parameters. The noticeable improvement of hydro-lipid skin coat kilter was observed.
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of nail polish, gel polish hybrid, gel nail, and acrylic nail powder and the removal of these formulas on the nail plates properties, particularly the influence of different coatings on morphology and pH.Methods The morphology and structure of nail plates were analyzed with use of scanning electron microscopy. The pH values of the nail plates of hands were measured using the system Courage & Khazaka.Results The analysis of morphology and structure of the surface of nail plates showed distinct changes caused by decorative coatings. The most common ones include fragility and splitting of the nails. The pH value measured in the whole group ranged from 5.21 to 7.00. ConclusionsThe methods used to prepare nails for decoration and all methods of removing the applied preparations damage the healthy nail plates. The most common changes are brittleness and nail splitting. The nail polish remover causes less damage than acetone, and the use of a nail drill machine and nail file causes the greatest destruction of nail plates. The biggest effect on the pH change has the gel polish hybrid, gel nail, and acrylic nail powder, causing the pH value of nail plates to rise above 6.0, whereas after the application of the nail polish, the pH of the plates was on average 5.8 which is closest to the normal value, assumed as physiological.
Summary Background Hybrid manicure is now a popular method of nail care and nail art, which is associated with its durability. Unfortunately, it has an adverse effect on pH, TOWL and overall nail plates condition and has not been investigated in detail so far. Aims The aim of this study was to compare the pH and TOWL of the hand nails after using different primers. The effect of application time, breaks between applications and the method of curing and removal on those parameters and overall nail plates condition were evaluated. Patients/Methods An evaluation survey was conducted among 116 women. pH and TOWL measurements of the nail plate in 35 women were taken using the Courage & Khazaka. Clinical photos were made using the Fotomedicus system. Results The measured pH values of the nail plate in the test group with gel polish hybrid on the nails were from 5.50 to 6.65, while after removal of the gel polish hybrid, the values ranged from 5.63 to 6.68. TOWL of the nail plate covered with gel polish hybrid ranged from 2.9 to 33.2 g/m2/h, whereas after removal of hybrids—from 1.9 to 45.7 g/m2/h. Conclusion Different forms of acid‐free primers maintain a lower pH of the nail plate covered with a gel polish hybrid, while the acidic primer maintains higher values of the nail plate pH. The significant decrease in the nail plate TOWL following the application of gel polish hybrid indicates a reduced loss of water from the surface of the nail to the atmosphere.
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