Background Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects women in reproductive age and represents an unfavourable risk factor for several pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Despite, no guidelines or pharmaceutical strategies for treating PCOS during pregnancy are available. The aim of this study is to determine the association between polycystic ovary syndrome with or without metformin and the pregnancy, perinatal outcomes as well as the risk of obesity in children born to these mothers. Methods In this nationwide population-based cohort study based in Swedish population, all singleton births (n = 1,016,805) from 686,847 women since 2006 up to 2016 were included. Multivariable logistic and Cox regression modelling with odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals were used to study the association between the exposure of maternal PCOS, metformin during pregnancy (or the combination of both) and: 1) Pregnancy outcomes: preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, caesarean section, and acute caesarean section, 2) Perinatal outcomes: preterm birth, stillbirth, low birth weight, macrosomia, Apgar < 7 at 5 min, small for gestational age and large for gestational age, and 3) Childhood Obesity. Results PCOS in women without metformin use during pregnancy was associated with higher risks of preeclampsia (OR = 1.09, 1.02–1.17), gestational diabetes (OR = 1.71, 1.53–1.91) and caesarean section (OR = 1.08, 1.04–1.12), preterm birth (OR = 1.30, 1.23–1.38), low birth weight (OR = 1.29, 1.20–1.38), low Apgar scores (OR = 1.17, 1.05–1.31) and large for gestational age (OR = 1.11, 1.03–1.20). Metformin use during pregnancy (in women without PCOS) was associated with a 29% lower risks of preeclampsia (OR = 0.71, 0.51–0.97), macrosomia and large for gestational age. Obesity was more common among children born to mothers with PCOS without metformin (HR = 1.61, 1.44–1.81); and those with metformin without PCOS (HR = 1.67, 1.05–2.65). PCOS with metformin was not associated with any adverse outcome. Conclusion PCOS was associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes and childhood obesity. Metformin appears to reduce these risks in mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome and their children; but may increase the risk of childhood-obesity in children form women without PCOS.

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The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased rapidly in Vietnam, but the economic burden of this disease has never been estimated. We estimate the direct and indirect cost of CRC patients in Vietnam in 2018 using a prevalence-based approach and human capital method. The total economic cost of CRC was VND 3041.88 billion (~$132.9 million), representing 0.055% of the 2018 gross domestic product. Notably, indirect costs comprised 83.58 % of the total cost, 82.61% of which is future income loss, because CRC occurs during productive years. The economic burden of CRC in Vietnam is substantial. The medical cost for CRC diagnosis and treatment is higher for younger patients and for those in advanced stages. Strategies to decrease the economic burden of CRC at the patient and national level, such as screening programs, should be developed and implemented in Vietnam.

Objectives To assess the impact of gestational antibiotics on the risk of preterm birth, since a healthy maternal microbiome may be protective. Methods Population-based cohort study including all first pregnancies in Sweden (2006–16). The association between gestational and recent pre-conception systemic antibiotics and preterm birth was assessed by multivariable logistic regression presented as ORs and 95% CIs, adjusted for comorbidities (hypo- and hyperthyroidism, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus pre-gestation), trimester, antibiotic class and treatment duration. Results Compared with non-users, antibiotic exposure was associated with increased risks of preterm birth in mothers with comorbidities (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.18–1.48) and without (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.06–1.13). Pre-conception use showed no association, while risk was increased for first and second trimester use and decreased for third trimester use. The increased risks were seen for the following antibiotic groups in mothers without and with comorbidities, respectively: macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.45–1.83; OR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.72–3.56); quinolones (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.32–1.94; OR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.12–4.03); non-penicillin β-lactams (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.07–1.24; OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.07–1.83); other antibacterials (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.03–1.14; 1.38, 95% CI 1.16–1.63); and penicillins (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.08; 1.23, 95% CI 1.09–1.40). Antibiotic indications were not available, which could also affect preterm birth. Conclusions Antibiotic use during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth, especially in mothers with chronic diseases.