Magnetotelluric exploration has shown that the middle and lower crust is anomalously conductive across most of the north-to-south width of the Tibetan plateau. The integrated conductivity (conductance) of the Tibetan crust ranges from 3000 to greater than 20,000 siemens. In contrast, stable continental regions typically exhibit conductances from 20 to 1000 siemens, averaging 100 siemens. Such pervasively high conductance suggests that partial melt and/or aqueous fluids are widespread within the Tibetan crust. In southern Tibet, the high-conductivity layer is at a depth of 15 to 20 kilometers and is probably due to partial melt and aqueous fluids in the crust. In northern Tibet, the conductive layer is at 30 to 40 kilometers and is due to partial melting. Zones of fluid may represent weaker areas that could accommodate deformation and lower crustal flow.
.[1] Magnetotelluric (MT) data were collected in northern Tibet along the Amdo to Golmud highway during the 1995 and 1999 Project INDEPTH (International Deep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalaya) surveys. Broadband and long period MT data were collected and the TE-mode, TM-mode and vertical magnetic field data were inverted to yield a minimum structure, two-dimensional resistivity model. The model obtained from inverting all responses simultaneously shows that a pervasive midcrustal conductor extends from the Kunlun Shan to the Bangong-Nuijiang suture. The vertically integrated conductivity (conductance) of this crustal layer is greatest in the northern Qiangtang terrane at latitude 34°N. The electrical resistivity of the upper mantle is constrained by the MT data to be in the range of 10-30 m across the Songpan-Ganze and Qiangtang terranes. This is lower than would be expected if Asian lithosphere underthrusts northern Tibet as far as the Qiangtang terrane. The MT responses are more consistent with a model in which Asian lithosphere extends as far south as the Kunlun Shan, and the upper mantle beneath the Songpan-Ganze and Qiangtang terranes is sufficiently hot to contain a small fraction of interconnected partial melt.
To understand deep lithosphere structure beneath the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau more comprehensively and objectively and to explore important scientific issues, such as characteristics of plateau lithospheric deformation, state of strain, thermal structure, plate (or terrane) movement, and crust-mantle rheology, it is necessary to research the variation of crust-mantle electrical structure in the east-west direction in every geological unit. For this purpose, six super-broadband magnetotelluric (MT) sounding profiles have been completed by INDEPTH-MT Project in the Himalayas-Southern Tibet. Based on the imaging results from the six profiles, three-dimensional electrical conductivity structure of the crust and upper mantle has been analyzed for the research area. The result shows that the high-conductivity layers in the middle and lower crust exist widely in Southern Tibet, which extend discontinuously for more than 1000 km in the east-west direction and become thinner, shallower and more resistive toward the big turning of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The discussion on the rheology of lithosphere in Southern Tibet suggests that the mid-lower crust there is of high electrical conductivity, implying the existence of "partial-melt" and "hot fluid" in the thick crust of Tibet, which make the medium hot, soft, and plastic, or even able to flow. Combining the experimental result of petrophysics and the MT data, we estimate the melting percentage of the crustal material to be up to 5%-14%, which would reduce the viscosity of aplite in the crust to meet the flow condition; but for granite, it is likely not enough to cause such a change in rheology.Southern Tibet, super-broadband magnetotelluric sounding, crust, electrical conductivity, rheological property Citation:Wei W B, Jin S, Ye G F, et al. Conductivity structure and rheological property of lithosphere in Southern Tibet Inferred from super-broadband magnetotelluric sounding.
[1] Magnetotelluric data from a 150-km-long profile crossing the Banggong-Nujiang suture (BNS), central Tibet, acquired as part of the International Deep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalaya (INDEPTH) project, have been examined for crustal and upper mantle structure. Strike and dimensionality analyses demonstrate that regional-scale electrical structures are two-dimensional and oriented approximately parallel to surface geological strike. As seen elsewhere in Tibet, the double thickness crust is generally characterized by resistive upper crust (hundreds to thousands of ohm meters) overlying conductive middle and lower crust (tens to hundreds of ohm meters), but in detail, there are lateral variations at all levels. Regionally, a northward transition from thick ($45 km) to thin ($15 km) resistive upper crust coincides with (1) the surface trace of the BNS, (2) a prominent strand of the Karakorum-Jiali fault system, (3) northward decrease in upper mantle seismic velocities and increase in attenuation, and (4) pronounced northward onset of seismic polarization anisotropy. The latter two seismological features have been taken to mark the northern limit of Indian mantle lithosphere thrust beneath southern Tibet. On the basis of our electrical model, we speculate that (1) the resistive upper crustal root beneath the Neogene Lunpola and Duba basins was produced by crustal shortening localized along the northern edge of the Lhasa terrane; (2) the low midcrustal resistivity beneath the BNS reflects enhanced Neogene melting and/or metamorphic dewatering of relatively fertile subduction zone complex rocks; (3) observed steep upper crustal low-resistivity anomalies are produced by hydrothermal fluids within active faults localized within and adjacent to the BNS; and (4) these strike-slip and extensional fault arrays are surface manifestations of lithosphere-penetrating shear localized along the northern edge of the underthrust Indian plate.
The machining accuracy of computer numerical control machine tools has always been a focus of the manufacturing industry. Among all errors, thermal error affects the machining accuracy considerably. Because of the significant impact of Industry 4.0 on machine tools, existing thermal error modeling methods have encountered unprecedented challenges in terms of model complexity and capability of dealing with a large number of time series data. A thermal error modeling method is proposed based on bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) deep learning, which has good learning ability and a strong capability to handle a large group of dynamic data. A four-layer model framework that includes BiLSTM, a feedforward neural network, and the max pooling is constructed. An elaborately designed algorithm is proposed for better and faster model training. The window length of the input sequence is selected based on the phase space reconstruction of the time series. The model prediction accuracy and model robustness were verified experimentally by three validation tests in which thermal errors predicted by the proposed model were compensated for real workpiece cutting. The average depth variation of the workpiece was reduced from approximately 50 µm to less than 2 µm after compensation. The reduction in maximum depth variation was more than 85%. The proposed model was proved to be feasible and effective for improving machining accuracy significantly.
To study the conductivity structure of crust and upper mantle as well as the thermal regime of lithosphere beneath the northern Tibetan Plateau, the project INDEPTH (III)‐MT completed super‐broadband magnetotelluric (MT) sounding along Dêqên‐Longwei Cuo (line 500) and Nagqu‐Golmud (line 600) in northern and central Tibet in 1998 and 1999. The result shows that the conductivity structure of crust and upper mantle is quite different across the Kunlun Mountains. North to the mountains the crust and upper mantle is relatively highly resistive. South to the mountains, the conductivity structure of crust and upper mantle is of obvious stratification as described following. The upper crust is dominated by discontinuous high‐resistivity bodies with intercalated low‐resistivity anomalies. And the electric structure of the upper crust in NS direction looks like complicated with discontinuous and block‐shaped features. Meanwhile the intermediate and lower crust are characterized by large‐scale high conductivity anomalies, indicated by separated high‐conductivity bodies of big sizes and differing shapes with resistivity less than 4m. Beneath the Bangong‐Nujiang and Jinshajiang River sutures, the high‐conductivity bodies in the crust tend to extend toward the upper mantle, implying existence of a low‐resistivity conduit between crust and mantle. Based on the observed electric structure of crust and mantle beneath the northern and central Tibetan Plateau, we infer that there are extensive partial melt and thermal fluids there like southern Tibet. Their origin is associated with thermal exchange between crust and mantle beneath the Bangong‐Nujiang and Jinshajiang River sutures which occurred in their own conduits. The thermal exchange conduit below the Bangong‐Nujiang River suture was formed earlier than that beneath the Jinshajiang River suture. Therefore the thermal activity of crust and mantle beneath the study area began from south and west, then spread toward north and east, leading to the current heat flow distribution in middle and northern Tibet which becomes larger from west to east and from south to north.
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