Objective: We evaluated the effects of peanut consumption on lipid profiles, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and CHD risk in hypercholesterolaemic men. Design: Randomised crossover clinical trial. Setting: Participants were randomly assigned to two groups. They were asked to consume peanut supplements (about 77 g) with their habitual diet for 4 weeks. Subjects: Fifty-four hypercholesterolaemic men with total cholesterol (TC) concentrations between 200 and 350 mg/dl. Results: Compared with the habitual diet, peanut supplementation of the habitual diet significantly reduced TC/HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (mean 1 (SE 0?3) P 5 0?001) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C)/HDL-C ratio (mean 0?7 (SE 0?2); P 5 0?001). Peanut consumption increased HDL-C (mean 6?1 (SE 1?5) mg/dl; P , 0?001) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (mean 1?2 (SE 0?6) U/mL P 5 0?04). In addition, peanut consumption significantly reduced the AIP (mean 0?1 (SE 0?03) P 5 0?01) and CHD estimated risk over 10 years based on systolic and diastolic blood pressures (mean 1?4 % (SE 0?5 %) P 5 0?004 and mean 2?2 % (SE 0?5 %) P , 0?001, respectively). Conclusions: Short-term peanut consumption might improve lipid profiles, the AIP and CHD risk in free-living hypercholesterolaemic men. KeywordsPeanut Habitual diet Coronary heart disease Atherogenic index of plasma Regular consumption of nuts is beneficial to cardiovascular health. Data from the Adventist Health Study and Nurses' Health Study show that higher nut consumption is associated with reduced risk of coronary artery disease (1,2) . In addition, other epidemiological studies have shown that frequent nut consumption decreases the risk of CHD, with adjusted relative risk reductions approaching 50 % in subjects who consume 4-5 servings per week than those who have little or no intake (3)(4) .Peanuts are rich source of Mg, folate, fibre, a-tocopherol, Cu, arginine and resveratrol. All of these compounds have been shown to reduce CHD risk in various ways, and this suggests that peanut consumption might benefit those at risk for CHD. However, most studies to date have been performed in either healthy or hypercholesterolaemic subjects in combination with low-fat diet. O'Byrne et al. (5) reported a decrease of total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in hypercholesterolaemic, postmenopausal women on a low total fat, low SFA and high MUFA diet for 6 months. showed beneficial effects of peanut consumption on blood lipid concentrations when consumption was combined with a high MUFA, low SFA diet in normocholesterolaemic subjects. In both of these studies, MUFA intake largely substituted for SFA intake. This raises the question of whether the observed shifts in lipid profiles were due to the increase in dietary MUFA or to the reduction of SFA consumption, and thus the role of peanut consumption is not clear. Alper and Mattes (7) reported that a moderate increase in MUFA intake without a concomitant decrease in SFA did not appear sufficient to decrease TC and LDL-C in normocholesterolaemic individua...
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