Further improvements in EMR with special knife techniques are required to simply and safely remove large colorectal neoplasms, because perforation rate for ESD shows a markedly higher. Conservative management may be possible in patients who have undergone complete endoscopic clipping.

We report an effort to determine the basis for the altered migration of seven inherited albumin variants detected by one-dimensional electrophoresis in population surveys involving tribal Amerindians and Japanese children. An amino acid substitution has thus far been determined for four of the variants. The randomness in the albumin polypeptide of these and the other sixteen independently ascertained amino acid substitutions of albumin and proalbumin thus far established was analyzed; the clustering of eight of these at two positions in the six-amino acid propeptide sequence seems noteworthy. By comparison with other proteins studied by electrophoresis, albumin exhibits "average" variability. It is a paradox that individuals who, for genetic reasons, lack albumin exhibit no obvious ill effects; yet, electrophoretic variants of albumin are no more numerous than are variants of proteins, the absence of which results in severe disease.

It has been shown that centrally administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) delays gastric emptying. To determine the receptor subtypes of NPY mediating the inhibitory effects on gastric emptying, effects of intracerebroventricular injection of NPY, [Leu31,Pro34]NPY (a Y1 agonist) and NPY-(3-36) (a Y2 agonist) on solid gastric emptying and postprandial antropyloric motility were studied in conscious rats. Intracerebroventricular injection of NPY and NPY-(3-36), but not [Leu31,Pro34] NPY, delayed solid gastric emptying in a dose-dependent manner (0.03-3 nmol). After the feeding (40 min), contractions with low frequency and high amplitude of the antrum were frequently observed, and the peak contraction of the antrum occurred most often 3-6 s before the peak contraction of the pylorus. Intracerebroventricular injection of NPY and NPY-(3-36) (3 nmol), but not [Leu31,Pro34]NPY, significantly reduced antral contractions and the number of antropyloric coordination events. It is suggested that centrally administered NPY impairs postprandial antral contractions and antropyloric coordination via Y2 receptors, resulting in delayed gastric emptying.

A total of 289,868 locus tests, based on 28 different protein phenotypes and using one-dimensional electrophoresis to detect variant proteins, has yielded one probable mutation in the offspring of "proximally exposed" parents, who received an estimated average gonadal exposure of 31 to 39 rem in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagak. There were no mutations in 208,196 locus tests involving children of "distally exposed" parents, who had essentially no radiation exposure. Studies of the genetic effects of atomic bombs have been in progress in Hiroshima and Nagasaki since 1946 (1-5). The first generation of studies was essentially morphological in nature. More recently, profiting from technological developments, studies have been undertaken at the cytogenetic (6, 7) and biochemical (8) levels. We present here a progress report on the results of the biochemical approach at approximately the midpoint of the study. No statistically significant difference between the children of exposed and control parents can be demonstrated at this time (nor was it expected at this juncture in the study). In addition to the timeliness of a progress report, however, the present publication is dictated by three other considerations. (i) The current intense interest in the genetic effects of low-level ionizing radiation has prompted a complete re-evaluation of 30 years of genetic studies on the effects of the atomic bombs; the present data can be integrated into that treatment. (fi) The control aspects of the data of this study can be combined with similar data from other studies to yield a direct estimate of the rate at which spontaneous mutation results in electrophoretic variants of proteins; this should be useful in planning the feasibility and magnitude of any other genetic studies of this type. (Wi) A wealth of data on biochemical variants in Japanese has accumulated during the past 7 years; this description should clear the way for the presentation of this information.