ElsevierMoutinho, S.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Jover Cerda, M.; Oliva-Teles, A.; Peres, H. (2017). Meat and bone meal as a partial replacement for fish meal in diets for gilthead seabream (Spares aurata): growth, feed efficiency angry amino acid utilization, and economic efficiency. Aquaculture. 468(1):271-277.Meat and bone meal as partial replacement for fish meal in diets for gilthead seabream 1 (Sparus aurata) juveniles: growth, feed efficiency, amino acid utilization, and economic 2 efficiency 3 4 Abstract 14A trial was conducted to evaluate fish meal (FM) replacement with meat and bone meal 15 (MBM; 53% CP, 15% CL, 27% Ash) in diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 16 juveniles. Three extruded experimental diets were formulated (45% CP; 20% CL) to 17 include 0, 50 and 75% of protein from MBM (diets MBM0; MBM50; MBM75). Triplicate 18 groups of seabream (IBW=25g) were fed these diets to satiety for 12 weeks. Growth 19 performance and feed efficiency were similar with the diets MBM0 and MBM50, but were 20 lower with diet MBM75, while the opposite was true for feed intake. Whole-body 21 composition was not affected by diets composition except for crude lipid and energy 22 content, which were lower with the diet MBM75. Protein and essential amino acids 23 retention were unaffected by diet composition, while energy retention was lower with the 24 diet MBM75. In terms of economic efficiency, diets with MBM resulted in a lower 25 production costs, with the lowest economic conversion ratio (€ kg -1 fish produced) being 26 obtained for the MBM diets while the maximum economic profit (€ kg fish -1 ) was obtained 27 for diet MBM50. Overall, up to 50% of FM protein can be replaced by MBM protein in 28 diets for gilthead seabream juveniles, without compromising growth performance, feed 29 utilization, and nutrient retention. 30 31 Key-words 32 alternative feedstuffs; fish meal replacement; meat and bone meal; amino acids; growth 33 performance; economic profit 34

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This study was undertaken to assess the effects of fish oil (FO) substitution by a mixture of alternative vegetable oils (VO) on Seriola dumerili culture performance. A 154‐day feeding experiment was conducted using juveniles (39.2 ± 1.6 g average weight). Three isolipidic and isoenergetic meal‐based diets were formulated varying their lipid component. The control diet contained 100% FO (FO100), whereas diets VO50 and VO100 included 1/2 of oil blend and all the oil from blend of palm oil (PO) and linseed oil (LO) as substitute for FO, respectively. Dietary regime did not significantly affect growth performance, biometric indices, feed efficiency, plasma chemistry and liver and muscle lipid contents. Nonetheless, dietary VO inclusion impacted on the fatty acid profile of target tissues, especially in the liver. Fatty acid profiles of the fillets reflected those of the dietary oils except that there was apparent selective utilization of palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1n‐9) and apparent selective retention of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n‐3). The nutritional value and the potential ability to prevent the development of coronary heart diseases of the flesh lipid fraction decreased with gradual FO substitution.

BackgroundIn order to ensure sustainability of aquaculture production of carnivourous fish species such as the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.), the impact of the inclusion of alternative protein sources to fishmeal, including plants, has been assessed. With the aim of evaluating long-term effects of vegetable diets on growth and intestinal status of the on-growing gilthead seabream (initial weight = 129 g), three experimental diets were tested: a strict plant protein-based diet (VM), a fishmeal based diet (FM) and a plant protein-based diet with 15% of marine ingredients (squid and krill meal) alternative to fishmeal (VM+). Intestines were sampled after 154 days. Besides studying growth parameters and survival, the gene expression related to inflammatory response, immune system, epithelia integrity and digestive process was analysed in the foregut and hindgut sections, as well as different histological parameters in the foregut.ResultsThere were no differences in growth performance (p = 0.2703) and feed utilization (p = 0.1536), although a greater fish mortality was recorded in the VM group (p = 0.0141). In addition, this group reported a lower expression in genes related to pro-inflammatory response, as Interleukine-1β (il1β, p = 0.0415), Interleukine-6 (il6, p = 0.0347) and cyclooxigenase-2 (cox2, p = 0.0014), immune-related genes as immunoglobulin M (igm, p = 0.0002) or bacterial defence genes as alkaline phosphatase (alp, p = 0.0069). In contrast, the VM+ group yielded similar survival rate to FM (p = 0.0141) and the gene expression patterns indicated a greater induction of the inflammatory and immune markers (il1β, cox2 and igm). However, major histological changes in gut were not detected.ConclusionsUsing plants as the unique source of protein on a long term basis, replacing fishmeal in aqua feeds for gilthead seabream, may have been the reason of a decrease in the level of different pro-inflammatory mediators (il1 β, il6 and cox2) and immune-related molecules (igm and alp), which reflects a possible lack of local immune response at the intestinal mucosa, explaining the higher mortality observed. Krill and squid meal inclusion in vegetable diets, even at low concentrations, provided an improvement in nutrition and survival parameters compared to strictly plant protein based diets as VM, maybe explained by the maintenance of an effective immune response throughout the assay.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1626-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This study evaluated liver and gut alterations of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., fed diets in which fish meal was substituted by a mixture (M) of pea protein concentrate (PPC) and rice protein concentrate (RPC). Histological studies were conducted to evaluate the possible changes produced by four experimental isolipidic (18%) and isoproteic (48%CP) diets with 30%, 60% and 90% of fish meal substitution by a pea and rice mixture and compared with a control diet (0%). The results obtained in the present histological study showed significant changes especially in the case of the 90% substitution in parameters such as thickness of the layers, goblet cells and villi measurements. Structural integrity of the gut would not be significantly affected by a diet of up to 60% substitution. The alterations observed in the liver could not only be attributed to diet but also to possible individual variations.Keywords: gut and liver histology, sea bream, vegetable protein mixture, pea protein concentrate and rice protein concentrate