Bell Beaker pottery spread across western and central Europe beginning around 2750 BCE before disappearing between 2200–1800 BCE. The mechanism of its expansion is a topic of long-standing debate, with support for both cultural diffusion and human migration. We present new genome-wide ancient DNA data from 170 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans, including 100 Beaker-associated individuals. In contrast to the Corded Ware Complex, which has previously been identified as arriving in central Europe following migration from the east, we observe limited genetic affinity between Iberian and central European Beaker Complex-associated individuals, and thus exclude migration as a significant mechanism of spread between these two regions. However, human migration did have an important role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, which we document most clearly in Britain using data from 80 newly reported individuals dating to 3900–1200 BCE. British Neolithic farmers were genetically similar to contemporary populations in continental Europe and in particular to Neolithic Iberians, suggesting that a portion of the farmer ancestry in Britain came from the Mediterranean rather than the Danubian route of farming expansion. Beginning with the Beaker period, and continuing through the Bronze Age, all British individuals harboured high proportions of Steppe ancestry and were genetically closely related to Beaker-associated individuals from the Lower Rhine area. We use these observations to show that the spread of the Beaker Complex to Britain was mediated by migration from the continent that replaced >90% of Britain’s Neolithic gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the process that brought Steppe ancestry into central and northern Europe 400 years earlier.
Bell Beaker pottery spread across western and central Europe beginning around 2750 BCE before disappearing between 2200–1800 BCE. The forces propelling its expansion are a matter of long-standing debate, with support for both cultural diffusion and migration. We present new genome-wide data from 400 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans, including 226 Beaker-associated individuals. We detected limited genetic affinity between Iberian and central European Beaker-associated individuals, and thus exclude migration as a significant mechanism of spread between these two regions. However, migration played a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, a phenomenon we document most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker Complex introduced high levels of Steppe-related ancestry and was associated with a replacement of ~90% of Britain’s gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought Steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe 400 years earlier.
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nature25738.
International audienceAu cours du I er s. av. J.-C., les traces d'un culte à proximité du Vidourle se manifestent, certainement en bordure d'un enclos fossoyé, par la présence d'une zone de crémation qu'accompagne le dépôt de vases votifs, de monnaies, de fibules et d'offrandes alimentaires. Ce n'est que quelques décennies après la création de la station routière vers 30 av. J.-C., que ces pratiques se poursuivent dans le cadre d'un enclos bâti, érigé autour d'un autel, à l'époque médio-augustéenne, et qui est agrandi vers 25 ap. J.-C. Les dépôts votifs, dont la nature évolue (disparition des fibules, apparition d'autels votifs puis de lampes), se poursuivent au-delà du délabrement de l'enceinte, jusqu'à la fin du I er s. Ce lieu de culte original, certainement en rapport avec le fleuve voisin, a pu accueillir au moins une divinité du panthéon romain, la Fortune
Mots clés. Centuriations, habitats de l'Âge du Fer, établissements gallo-romains, inscription funéraire, mobiliers, monnaies, paléo-hydrologie, photo-interprétation, prospections, tombes à incinération et à inhumation. Key Words. Centuriation, Iron Age occupation, Gallo-Roman establishments, funeral inscription, archaeological material, coins, palaeo-hydrology, photo interpretation, prospection and field-walking, incineration burials and inhumations.Résumé. Des recherches sur le paléo-environnement et les formes du paysage ont permis de mieux caractériser l'occupation du plateau des Escaravatiers connue grâce à d'intenses prospections au sol. Vers la fin du VIe s. avant J.-C, une population indigène s'installe sur ce site exceptionnel qui n'a d'équivalent dans la basse vallée de l'Argens qu'à Fréjus même. Or le remblaiement de la vallée était loin alors d'avoir atteint Fréjus. Le choix de la partie orientale des Escaravatiers s 'explique sans doute par la volonté de dominer la côte qui pouvait être alors à moins de 1 km. Cet habitat a été vraisemblablement abandonné vers la fin du premier quart du Ier s. avant J.-C. alors que, sans doute dès la fin du IIe s., la partie occidentale du plateau était investie et occupée durant toute la période républicaine. Cette nouvelle implantation a pu s 'inscrire dans un enclos révélé sous la forme d 'un fossé par la photo-interprétation. Sur ces deux sites, les bâtiments gallo-romains peuvent correspondre à deux villae occupées jusqu'à la fin de l'Antiquité et dont l'une a livré des tombes et la plaque funéraire d'un militaire. Le site et la basse plaine sont assez fortement marqués par une centuriation (Fréjus A), dont le rôle pour le drainage des terres humides est complété par un réseau sans doute plus récent (Fréjus C). La mise en parallèle des hypothèses de paléo-hydrologie avec celles concernant les parcellaires antiques montre une grande concordance.Abstract. Recent research on the palaeo-environment and the landscape has allowed us to characterize more closely the occupation of the Escaravatiers plateau site, well known through intensive fieldwork. Towards the end of the 6th century B.C., a native population occupied this exceptional site, which has no other parallel in the lower valley of the river Argens with the exception of Fréjus itself. At this time, however, the infilling of the valley was far from reach Fréjus. The choice of the Eastern part of the Escaravatiers plateau was probably due to the need of controlling the coast, which may then have been at a distance of less than a kilometer. This settlement was probably a ba ndo ne d in the first quarter of the 1st century B.C. ; the Western part of the plateau on the other hand was occupied throughout the Republican period. This new occupation may have been connected with an enclosure in the form of a ditch revealed by photo interpretation. On both sites, the Gallo-Roman buildings probably correspond to two villae occupied until the end of Antiquity, and the Eastern one has yielded burials and a legionary funerary...
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