Metastases and cancer recurrence are the main causes of cancer death. Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells are the drivers of cancer cell dissemination. The assessment of CTCs’ clinical role in early metastasis prediction, diagnosis, and treatment requires more information about their biology, their roles in cancer dormancy, and immune evasion as well as in therapy resistance. Indeed, CTC functional and biochemical phenotypes have been only partially characterized using murine metastasis models and liquid biopsy in human patients. CTC detection, characterization, and enumeration represent a promising tool for tailoring the management of each patient with cancer. The comprehensive understanding of CTCs will provide more opportunities to determine their clinical utility. This review provides much-needed insights into this dynamic field of translational cancer research.

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Novel advanced hydrogels can provide a versatile platform for controlled delivery and release of various cargos, with a myriad of biomedical applications. These gel-based nanostructures possess good biocompatibility, biodegradability, flexibility, multifunctionality, can respond to internal or external stimuli, and can adapt to their surrounding environment. This new generation of hydrogels is not only capable of serving as targeted drug delivery vehicles, but they can also perform a variety of tasks within living cells and organisms. In this review, advanced hydrogels are classified as static, dynamic, multistage, or bioinspired. They can be used as cell-free gene expression platforms for gene therapy. Administration of nanogel-based sprays can act as an immunovaccine priming macrophages toward the M1 phenotype to avoid cancer recurrence following surgery. Nanogels can also serve as a dual biosensing and capture platform for liquid biopsies, and can recognize and remove circulating cancer cells from the blood of cancer patients.

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In the present study, the effect of graphene/water nanofluid on the thermal performance of a two-phase closed thermosiphon (TPCT) has been considered. For the synthesis of the mentioned nanofluids, graphene with a thickness of 4–20 nm and length of 5–10 μm has been employed. Due to the natural instability of graphene in polar solvents such as water, gum arabic (GA) has been utilized as a surfactant. Then, various nanofluids at weight concentrations of 0.02–1% were prepared and thermal properties were investigated at the input power of 30–150 W. In agreement with the results, as the weight concentration increased, the overall heat transfer coefficient and thermal efficiency of the TPCT were enhanced. On the other hand, increasing the nanofluid weight concentration and input power led to lower thermal resistance of the TPCT. Interestingly, the rate of change of the temperature in the evaporator has been studied as one of the key parameters affecting the thermal resistance and overall heat transfer coefficient of the TPCT. Increasing the concentration has compounded the reduction of the average temperature of evaporation, which has confirmed the reduction in thermal resistance. Meanwhile, the overall heat transfer coefficient increased with rising concentration at the permanent input power. Also, the vacuum pressure results showed that increasing the concentration of nanofluid led to the vacuum pressure drop being intensified.