The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has recently emerged, causing COVID-19 outbreaks and significant societal/global disruption. Importantly, COVID-19 infection resembles SARS-like complications. However, the lack of knowledge about the underlying genetic mechanisms of COVID-19 warrants the development of prospective control measures. In this study, we employed whole-genome alignment and digital DNA–DNA hybridization analyses to assess genomic linkage between 2019-nCoV and other coronaviruses. To understand the pathogenetic behavior of 2019-nCoV, we compared gene expression datasets of viral infections closest to 2019-nCoV with four COVID-19 clinical presentations followed by functional enrichment of shared dysregulated genes. Potential chemical antagonists were also identified using protein–chemical interaction analysis. Based on phylogram analysis, the 2019-nCoV was found genetically closest to SARS-CoVs. In addition, we identified 562 upregulated and 738 downregulated genes (adj. P ≤ 0.05) with SARS-CoV infection. Among the dysregulated genes, SARS-CoV shared ≤19 upregulated and ≤22 downregulated genes with each of different COVID-19 complications. Notably, upregulation of BCL6 and PFKFB3 genes was common to SARS-CoV, pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome, while they shared CRIP2, NSG1 and TNFRSF21 genes in downregulation. Besides, 14 genes were common to different SARS-CoV comorbidities that might influence COVID-19 disease. We also observed similarities in pathways that can lead to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV diseases. Finally, protein–chemical interactions suggest cyclosporine, resveratrol and quercetin as promising drug candidates against COVID-19 as well as other SARS-like viral infections. The pathogenetic analyses, along with identified biomarkers, signaling pathways and chemical antagonists, could prove useful for novel drug development in the fight against the current global 2019-nCoV pandemic.
Background: Diagnosing epileptic seizures using electroencephalogram (EEG) in combination with deep learning computational methods has received much attention in recent years. However, to date, deep learning techniques in seizure detection have not been effectively harnessed due to sub-optimal classifier design and improper representation of the time-domain signal. Methods: In this study, we focused on designing and evaluating deep convolutional neural network-based classifiers for seizure detection. Signal-to-image conversion methods are proposed to convert time-domain EEG signal to a time-frequency represented image to prepare the input data for classification. We proposed and evaluated three classification methods comprising of five classifiers to determine which is more accurate for seizure detection. Accuracy data were then compared to previous studies of the same dataset. Results: We found our proposed model and signal-to-image conversion method outperformed all previous studies in the most cases. The proposed FT-VGG16 classifier achieved the highest average classification accuracy of 99.21%. In addition, the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis approach was employed to uncover the feature frequencies in the EEG that contribute most to improved classification accuracy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compute the contribution of frequency components to target seizure classification; thus allowing the identification of distinct seizure-related EEG frequency components compared to normal EEG measures. Conclusion: Thus our developed deep convolutional neural network models are useful to detect seizures and characteristic frequencies using EEG data collected from the patients and this model could be clinically applicable for the automated seizures detection.
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