Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) results in a wide range of disabilities. The effects of cognitive and motor dysfunctions are significant and affect level of functioning in people with MS. Objective The aim of the research was to determine the common contribution of neurological, motor and cognitive status to the overall functioning of MS patients. Method The sample consisted of 108 subjects with RRMS. The instruments used in the research included: The General Questionnaire, the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, the Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, the Nine Hole Peg Test, the 25 Foot Walk Test, and the Expanded Disability Status Scale. Results Subjects with a mild neurological deficit had a higher level of current functioning in all domains (a lower WHODAS 2.0 score) than subjects with a moderate neurological deficit (r=0.43, p<0.001). We found a positive correlation between the level of cognitive impairment and motor deficits of both upper and lower extremities and the level of neurological deficit (p<0.001). Subjects with lower neurological deficits had significantly lower WHODAS 2.0. scores, i.e. better motor abilities of both upper and lower extremities than subjects with moderate neurological deficits (p<0.001). The greatest contribution to explaining the overall level of current functioning of people with MS had subjects’ age, cognitive abilities and motor abilities of the upper extremities. Conclusion Inverse relationship of neurological, motor and cognitive status affects the overall daily functioning of people with MS, requiring planning of comprehensive programs in the rehabilitation of people with MS.
Introduction. Knee osteoarthritis is a progressive degenerative disease of the entire joint that leads to functional limitations and reduced quality of life. The end-stage of the disease is associated with disability and a significant burden both for the patient and the society. Osteoarthritis and metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a group of cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes and hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. The adverse effects of the metabolic syndrome are associated with worsening of the clinical manifestations and disease prognosis through the combined effects of metabolic disorders. It has also been suggested that individual components of the metabolic syndrome may be an independent risk factor for knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and diabetes mellitus. Experimental and epidemiological evidence supports the role of type II diabetes mellitus in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to oxidative stress and excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, while insulin resistance can act locally and systemically through chronic low-grade inflammation. Osteoarthritis and hypertension. The mechanism that explains the relationship between osteoarthritis and hypertension is unclear. Several potential pathways for subchondral bone damage due to hypertension have been described. Osteoarthritis and dyslipidemia. Experimental studies suggest that dyslipidemia may be involved in the pathophysiological process of osteoarthritis, while epidemiological studies show heterogeneous results. Conclusion. Patients with knee osteoarthritis require a holistic approach in which the emphasis is not only on symptomatic pain relief, but also on the treatment of metabolic disorders.
Abstract. We performed a study to investigate whether some physiological processes are caused by electrical current when passing through the tissues and organs. The basic idea of diathermia, medical treatment and therapy with alternating high frequency electric current, is to use the transformation of electric power into heat when the current goes through the tissue and internal biological environment. The important fact in this process is to avoid the massive displacement of ions, which could be potentially destructing side effect. Advantage and importance of using the alternate current (with frequency 1 MHz) over the direct current is explained, as well as the fact that this effect was spotted almost simultaneously by Nikola Tesla and Jaques d'Arsonval, at the end of 19 th century. This paper also explains later the cooperation between two scientists and the basic principles of diathermy -heating effect with high frequency alternate current.
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