Intradural extramedullary spinal ependymomas are extremely rare. Herein, we describe a lesion-type spinal ependymoma that followed a malignant course, and discuss its clinical presentation, etiopathogenesis, and treatment. We present a patient who was diagnosed with an intradural extramedullary spinal tumor at T4-T6. The patient underwent gross total resection of the tumor without damage to the spinal cord. Histological examination, classified the lesion as a World Health Organization (WHO)-grade 2 ependymoma. One and a half years later, magnetic resonance imaging detected a recurring tumor at T4-T5. The tumor was removed and classified as a WHO-grade 3 anaplastic ependymoma. The patient was started on a course of regional spinal cord radiotherapy. The patient achieved tumoral control and clinical stabilization after the recurrence. We must consider the differential diagnosis of intradural extramedullary spinal tumors. The best treatment for this lesion is gross total resection and adjunctive radiotherapy is necessary in cases of malignant-change.
The olfactory epithelial layer contains multipotent horizontal basal cells (HBCs) that differentiate into olfactory sensory neurons. Here, we show that rat HBCs express oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and astrocyte markers. We generated olfactory sphere (OS) cells in cultures that were derived from adult rat olfactory mucosa. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immunofluorescence analyses showed that OS cells also express OPC and astrocyte markers. Interestingly, OS cells underwent oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. To study oligodendrocyte differentiation in vivo, OS cells were transplanted into injured rat spinal cords. The transplanted cells integrated into host tissue and differentiated into oligodendrocytes. When transected saphenous nerve ends were encased in collagen-containing silicone tubes with or without OS cells, the transplanted OS cells differentiated into Schwann cells. Our data provide new insights into of the stemness of OS cells.
Spreading depression-like peri-infarct depolarizations not only characterize but also worsen penumbra conditions in cortical border zones of experimental focal ischemia. We intended to investigate the relevance of ischemic depolarization in subcortical regions of ischemic territories.Calomel We conclude that in focal ischemia, transient peri-infarct depolarizations emerge not only in cortical but also in striatal gray matter, thereby demonstrating the existence of subcortical zones of ischemic penumbra. The generation of these ischemic depolarizations is a multifocal process possibly linked to brain swelling and intracranial pressure rise in the later course of focal ischemia, and therefore a relevant correlate of progressively worsening conditions.
Novices using this unique webcam trainer showed improvement in psychomotor skills for EES. The authors believe that training in terms of basic endoscopic skills is meaningful and that the webcam training system can play a role in daily off-the-job training for EES.
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