No abstract

S. We have investigated the effects of adding a range of mineral salts and calcium-chelating agents on the distribution of casein and minerals between the nonpelleted and pelleted phases of milk obtained upon centrifugation at 78 000 g for 90 min. Adding CaCl # or mixtures of NaH # PO % and Na # HPO % to reconstituted skim milk (90 g milk solids\kg) at pH 6n65 increased both pelleted casein and pelleted calcium phosphate. Opposite effects were obtained by adding citrate or EDTA. The change in pelleted calcium phosphate was not simply related to casein release from the micelle. Upon adding 5 mmol EDTA\kg milk, 20 % of the pelleted Ca, 22 % of the pelleted phosphate and 5 % of the micellar casein were removed. Increasing the concentration of EDTA to 10 mmol\kg milk decreased the pelleted Ca by 44 % and the pelleted phosphate by 46 %, and caused 30 % of the micellar casein to be released. The effects of adding phosphate, citrate or EDTA at pH 6n65, followed by the addition of CaCl # , demonstrated the reversibility of the dissolution and formation of the micellar calcium phosphate. There were limits to this reversibility that were related to the amount of colloidal calcium phosphate removed from the casein micelles. Adding CaCl # to milk containing 20 mmol EDTA or 30 mmol citrate\kg milk did not result in complete reformation of casein micelles. Lightscattering experiments confirmed that the dissolution of moderate amounts of colloidal calcium phosphate had little effect on micellar size and were reversible, while the dissolution of larger amounts of colloidal calcium phosphate resulted in large reductions in micellar size and was irreversible.

The effects of adding CaCl2, orthophosphate, citrate, EDTA, or a mixture of these, to reconstituted skim milk (90 g of solids/kg solution) on the gelation of renneted milk were mediated by changes in Ca2+ activity and the casein micelle. At pH 6.65, the addition of citrate or EDTA, which removed more than 33% of the original colloidal calcium phosphate with the accompanying release of 20% casein from the micelle, completely inhibited gelation. Reformation of the depleted colloidal calcium phosphate and casein in the micelle, by the addition of CaCl2, removed this inhibition. When the minimum requirements for colloidal calcium phosphate and casein in the micelle were met, the coagulation time decreased with increasing Ca2+ activity, leveling off at high Ca2+ activity. The storage modulus of renneted gels, measured at 3 h, increased with increasing colloidal calcium phosphate content of micelles up to a level at which it was approximately 130% of the original colloidal calcium phosphate in the micelles. Further increases in colloidal calcium phosphate by the addition of CaCl2, orthophosphate, or mixtures of these, which did not change the proportion of casein in the micelle, decreased the storage modulus. The gelation of the renneted milk was influenced by Ca2+ activity, the amounts of colloidal calcium phosphate, and casein within the micelle, with the effects of colloidal calcium phosphate and casein within the micelle clearly dominating the storage modulus. These results are consistent with the model of Horne (Int. Dairy J. 8:171-177, 1998) which postulates that, following cleavage of the stabilizing K-casein hairs by rennet, the properties of the rennet gel are determined by the balance between the electrostatic and hydrophobic forces between casein micelles.

A Bifidobacterium infantis strain was microencapsulated within a film-forming protein-carbohydrate-oil emulsion. This novel encapsulant incorporated prebiotics and substantially protected the bacterium during nonrefrigerated storage and gastrointestinal transit. The dried microcapsules were small (15 to 20 m), had low water activity (0.2 to 0.3), and rapidly released the bacteria in simulated intestinal fluid.

No abstract