The conservation and management of endangered species requires information on their genetic diversity, relatedness and population structure. The main genetic markers applied for these questions are microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the latter of which remain the more resource demanding approach in most cases. Here, we compare the performance of two approaches, SNPs obtained by restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) and 16 DNA microsatellite loci, for estimating genetic diversity, relatedness and genetic differentiation of three, small, geographically close wild brown trout (
Salmo trutta
) populations and a regionally used hatchery strain. The genetic differentiation, quantified as
F
ST
, was similar when measured using 16 microsatellites and 4,876 SNPs. Based on both marker types, each brown trout population represented a distinct gene pool with a low level of interbreeding. Analysis of SNPs identified half‐ and full‐siblings with a higher probability than the analysis based on microsatellites, and SNPs outperformed microsatellites in estimating individual‐level multilocus heterozygosity. Overall, the results indicated that moderately polymorphic microsatellites and SNPs from RADseq agreed on estimates of population genetic structure in moderately diverged, small populations, but RADseq outperformed microsatellites for applications that required individual‐level genotype information, such as quantifying relatedness and individual‐level heterozygosity. The results can be applied to other small populations with low or moderate levels of genetic diversity.
The genetic structure and isolation pattern of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) throughout its range in the Baltic Sea were examined as a starting point for a conservation strategy for the species in this area. The allozyme variation in seven polymorphic loci was studied in 5125 salmon from 24 rivers in four countries. A clear dichotomy was observed between stock groups from southeastern (Russia, Estonia, Latvia, southern Sweden) and northwestern (northern Finland, northern Sweden) drainage regions, corresponding to the postglacial colonisation of the Baltic Sea by two phylogeographic lineages, one from the east (the Ice Lake lineage) and one from the west (the Atlantic lineage). The geographical and genetic distances between stocks fit the one-dimensional "isolation-by-distance" model (p < 0.001). The estimated gene flow ranged from 0 to10 migrants per generation. The total diversity of hatchery stocks was 72% of that of the wild stocks. Genetically similar stock groups, phylogeographic lineages, and drainage regions are recommended for use as genetic management units in addition to stock level.
The genetic structure and phylogeography of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) across the Baltic Sea basin and neighbouring areas (eastern Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Barents Sea, White Sea, and two Russian lakes, Onega and Ladoga) were studied to resolve the partly contradictory hypotheses of the species' postglacial colonization history. Thirty-eight populations (total of 2180 individuals) were studied for nine DNA microsatellite loci. Within the Baltic Sea, the anadromous populations formed three clear groups, corresponding to the northern (Gulf of Bothnia), eastern (Gulf of Finland and eastern Baltic Main Basin), and southern regions (western Baltic Main Basin). The genetic differences among these three groups were clearly greater (G GB 5.6%; G GB being the proportion of diversity components between regions within basins) than were those among population groups in the eastern Atlantic Ocean (G GB 2.2%) from Ireland to the White Sea. The isolation-by-distance model explained part of the differentiation within, but not between, the regions. The results strongly indicate colonization of the Baltic Sea by at least three glacial lineages. Potential refugium areas for each lineage are proposed.Résumé : Nous avons étudié la structure génétique et la phylogéographie du saumon atlantique (Salmo salar) de part en part du bassin de la Baltique et dans les régions avoisinantes (est de l'Atlantique, mer de Barents, mer Blanche et deux lacs russes, les lacs Onega et Ladoga) pour résoudre les hypothèses en partie contradictoires sur l'histoire de la colonisation postglaciaire de l'espèce. Nous avons analysé neuf locus ADN microsatellites chez 2180 individus appartenant à 38 populations. Au sein de la Baltique, les populations anadromes forment trois groupes distincts qui correspondent aux régions du nord (golfe de Bothnie), de l'est (golfe de Finlande et bassin principal de l'est de la Baltique) et du sud (bassin principal de l'ouest de la Baltique). Les différences génétiques entre ces trois groupes sont nettement plus importantes (G GB 5,6 %; G GB représente la proportion d'éléments de diversité entre les régions à l'intérieur des bassins) que celles qui existent entre les groupes de populations de l'est de l'Atlantique (G GB 2,2 %), de l'Irlande à la mer Blanche. Le modèle de l'isolement en fonction de la distance explique une partie de la différentiation au sein des régions, mais non entre elles. Nos résultats indiquent fortement une colonisation de la Baltique par au moins trois lignées glaciaires. Nous proposons des zones possibles de refuge pour chaque lignée.[Traduit par la Rédaction] Säisä et al. 1904
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