Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of a universal parent-oriented alcohol prevention programme ("Effekt") in Estonia. The main objective of the programme was to delay and reduce adolescents' alcohol consumption by maintaining parental restrictive attitudes towards adolescents' alcohol use over time.Methods: A matched-pair cluster randomised controlled trial with a three-year assessment period (baseline (T1), 18-months (T2) and 30-months (T3) follow-ups) was undertaken in 2012-2015 among 985 fifth grade adolescents and 790 parents in sixty-six schools (34 intervention, 32 control). The primary outcome measure was adolescents' alcohol use initiation. Secondary outcome measures were lifetime drunkenness and alcohol use in the past year. Intermediate outcomes were restrictive parental attitudes towards adolescents' alcohol use reported by parents and perceived restrictive parental attitudes and parental alcohol supply reported by adolescents.Results: There were no significant differences in adolescents' alcohol use initiation, lifetime drunkenness, alcohol use in the past year, parental alcohol supply, and adolescent's perception of parental restrictive attitudes between intervention and control school participants at T2 and T3. There were significant differences in parental attitudesthe odds of having restrictive attitudes were 2.05 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.32-3.17) times higher at T2 and 1.92 (95% CI=1.31-2.83) times higher at T3 in the intervention group than in the control group.Conclusions: The Estonian version of the "Effekt" programme had a positive effect on parental attitudes, but it did not succeed in delaying or reducing adolescents' alcohol consumption.
AimsThe main aim was to assess the relationship between parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use and their child's alcohol use. Secondary aims included assessing the relationship between attitudes reported by parents and those perceived by children, and between perceived parental attitudes and children's alcohol use. Methods Meta-analysis of studies reporting on the associations between parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use and children's self-reported alcohol use. Published, peerreviewed cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were identified from the following databases up to April 2018: Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science. Quality assessment was done by using guidelines developed by Hayden, Cote and Bombardier. Pooled effect sizes were calculated by using random-effects meta-analyses, if there were at least two studies that could be included per analysis. Out of 7,479 articles screened, 29 were included comprising data from 16,477 children and 15,229 parents.
ResultsLess restrictive parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use were related to higher rates of alcohol use initiation (odds ratio (OR)=1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17-1.80), alcohol use frequency (OR=1.52, 95% CI 1.24-1.86) and drunkenness (OR=1.58, 95% CI 1.35-1.85) among children. Less perceived restrictive parental attitudes were related to higher alcohol use frequency (OR=1.76 (95% CI 1.29-2.40). Perceived parental attitudes were not clearly related to alcohol use initiation. Parent-reported attitudes and perceived parental attitudes were weakly positively correlated (r=0.27, p=≤0.001). The strength of the relationship between parental attitudes and children's alcohol use frequency attenuated with children's age. Study design, sample size, study location and levels of alcohol use frequency did not have a detectable effect on the relationship.
ConclusionsLess restrictive parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use are associated with increases in children's alcohol use onset, alcohol use frequency and drunkenness. Children's perception of less restrictive parental attitudes is associated with children's alcohol use.
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