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The effects of paternal heredity, congenital variation, and preweaning nutrition on craniofacial growth were studied on weanling Wistar (W), Holtzman (H), and their reciprocal crosses, W/H and H/W, male rats. Between-group Mahalanobis D distances were calculated from the measurements made on lateral and vertical X-rays. Preweaning nutrition evoked the largest cranial differences, and paternal heredity the lowest; the effect of congenital variation was intermediate between these extremes. It is concluded that "strain" differences actually are the result of the complex interplay among congenital and lactational factors that can modify the genetic effect due to strain. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The phenology and biomass dynamics of Typha subulata were studied for 2 yr under two natural conditions, a marsh and an irrigation channel. Populations demonstrated a spring to summer growth pattern, with peak aboveground biomass in spring. The phenological phases identified for both populations were identical, but plants growing in the marsh averaged 38 and 28% less aboveground biomass and height, respectively, than plants growing in the channel. Noticeable differences were found in the timing of both phenological phases and biomass cycle between growth seasons, suggesting that the susceptibility of cattail to weed control during the seasons could vary between years.

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