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Accurate segmentation of perimysium plays an important role in early diagnosis of many muscle diseases because many diseases contain different perimysium inflammation. However, it remains as a challenging task due to the complex appearance of the perymisum morphology and its ambiguity to the background area. The muscle perimysium also exhibits strong structure spanned in the entire tissue, which makes it difficult for current local patch-based methods to capture this long-range context information. In this paper, we propose a novel spatial clockwork recurrent neural network (spatial CW-RNN) to address those issues. Specifically, we split the entire image into a set of non-overlapping image patches, and the semantic dependencies among them are modeled by the proposed spatial CW-RNN. Our method directly takes the 2D structure of the image into consideration and is capable of encoding the context information of the entire image into the local representation of each patch. Meanwhile, we leverage on the structured regression to assign one prediction mask rather than a single class label to each local patch, which enables both efficient training and testing. We extensively test our method for perimysium segmentation using digitized muscle microscopy images. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the novel spatial CW-RNN over other existing state of the arts.

In this paper, we introduce the semantic knowledge of medical images from their diagnostic reports to provide an inspirational network training and an interpretable prediction mechanism with our proposed novel multimodal neural network, namely TandemNet. Inside TandemNet, a language model is used to represent report text, which cooperates with the image model in a tandem scheme. We propose a novel dual-attention model that facilitates high-level interactions between visual and semantic information and effectively distills useful features for prediction. In the testing stage, TandemNet can make accurate image prediction with an optional report text input. It also interprets its prediction by producing attention on the image and text informative feature pieces, and further generating diagnostic report paragraphs. Based on a pathological bladder cancer images and their diagnostic reports (BCIDR) dataset, sufficient experiments demonstrate that our method effectively learns and integrates knowledge from multimodalities and obtains significantly improved performance than comparing baselines.

Compact binary representations of histopathology images using hashing methods provide efficient approximate nearest neighbor search for direct visual query in large-scale databases. They can be utilized to measure the probability of the abnormality of the query image based on the retrieved similar cases, thereby providing support for medical diagnosis. They also allow for efficient managing of large-scale image databases because of a low storage requirement. However, the effectiveness of binary representations heavily relies on the visual descriptors that represent the semantic information in the histopathological images. Traditional approaches with hand-crafted visual descriptors might fail due to significant variations in image appearance. Recently, deep learning architectures provide promising solutions to address this problem using effective semantic representations. In this paper, we propose a Deep Convolutional Hashing (DCH) method that can be trained "point-wise" to simultaneously learn both semantic and binary representations of histopathological images. Specifically, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) that introduces a latent binary encoding (LBE) layer for low dimensional feature embedding to learn binary codes. We design a joint optimization objective function that encourages the network to learn discriminative representations from the label information, and reduce the gap between the real-valued low dimensional embedded features and desired binary values. The binary encoding for new images can be obtained by forward propagating through the network and quantizing the output of the LBE layer. Experimental results on a large-scale histopathological image dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.