Processing of proteins for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted presentation to CD4-positive T lymphocytes occurs after they are internalized by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Antigenic proteins frequently contain disulfide bonds, and their reduction in the endocytic pathway facilitates processing. In humans, a gamma interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is constitutively present in late endocytic compartments of APCs. Here, we identified the mouse homolog of GILT and generated a GILT knockout mouse. GILT facilitated the processing and presentation to antigen-specific T cells of protein antigens containing disulfide bonds. The response to hen egg lysozyme, a model antigen with a compact structure containing four disulfide bonds, was examined in detail.
Long-lasting tumor immunity requires functional mobilization of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes. CD4+ T cell activation is enhanced by presentation of shed tumor antigens by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), coupled with display of similar antigenic epitopes by major histocompatibility complex class II on malignant cells. APCs readily processed and presented several self-antigens, yet T cell responses to these proteins were absent or reduced in the context of class II+ melanomas. T cell recognition of select exogenous and endogenous epitopes was dependent on tumor cell expression of γ-interferon–inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT). The absence of GILT in melanomas altered antigen processing and the hierarchy of immunodominant epitope presentation. Mass spectral analysis also revealed GILT's ability to reduce cysteinylated epitopes. Such disparities in the profile of antigenic epitopes displayed by tumors and bystander APCs may contribute to tumor cell survival in the face of immunological defenses.
Immunogenic peptides are displayed in the context of class II histocompatibility proteins on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Class H a and 13 subunits bind the invariant chain (I-chain), a transmembrane glycoprotein which must dissocite prior to peptide presentation. Proteolytic release of I-chain in an acidic compartment is followed by class II afi surface expression. Two distinct proteinases sequentially catalyze I-chain dissociation in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. An aspartic proteinase initiates processing whereas a cysteine proteinase catalyzes the rmal stages of I-chain release. Inactivation of these enzymes prevents class II a1 maturation, demonstrating that acidic proteinases are essential for the generation of functional class II complexes. MATERIALS AND METHODSCells and Proteinase Inhibitors. The B-LCL Sweig (DR5) was cultured in Iscove's modification ofDulbecco's modified Eagle's medium plus 5% calf serum. Leupeptin (stock solution, 25 mg/ml in water) was used at a finial concentration of 5-50 jmg/ml. The aspartic proteinase inhibitors PD136517, PD136809, and PD134678 inactivate cathepsins D and E (8, 9). These inhibitors (50 mM stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide) were used at 25-50 ,uM, concentrations which reduced intracellular aspartic proteinase activity >75% after 24 hr.Antibodies. The antibody DA6.147 recognizes class II DR a chain, and L243 recognizes an epitope on mature DR5(wll) af3 (2, 10, 11). I-chain was detected with PIN1.1, an antibody specific for residues 12-28 (10).Immunoblotting and Metabolic Radiolabeling. Samples were normalized for protein and cell number before electrophoretic analysis and immunoblotting (10, 12). Class II a3 dimers were detected on immunoblots by using antibody L243 and sample buffer with 0.2% SDS (13). For metabolic radiolabeling, cells were pretreated with proteinase inhibitors for 1-2 hr, incubated with [35S]methionine for 30 min, and cultured in complete medium with or without inhibitors for 3.5 hr or 8 hr. In some experiments cells were radiolabeled for 4 hr. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated for SDS/PAGE, and autoradiographs were quantitated by densitometry with the integrated area expressed in total intensity units. Resolution of glycosylated I-chain (Ip) from DR a was difficult on SDS/polyacrylamide gels. To calculate the accumulation of intact I-chain (It = I + Ip) with class II antigens, the formula (It + a)/, was used, assuming a constant a/l3 ratio. Subcellular Fractionation. Sweig cells (3 x 108) cultured with or without proteinase inhibitors were lysed in 0.5 mM CaCl2/1 mM NaHCO3/0.25 M sucrose/0.2 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride/0. 1 mM 7-amino-1-chloro-3-tosylamido-2-heptanone ("tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone") at pH 7.2 in a glass tissue homogenizer at 40C. The cell lysate was centrifuged at 900 x g for 10 min to pellet nuclei, and the supernatant was layered above 100 bil of 1.58 M sucrose and spun at 2000 x g for 15 min to remove mitochondria. The resulting supernatant was layered above continuous sucrose gradients (...
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