This study examined the moderating role of competitive strategy in the relationship between financial leverage and performance of firms based on a sample of industrial firms in Jordan between 2007 and 2016. The interaction between competitive strategy and financial leverage was revealed to influence the effects of financial leverage towards the performance of firms in terms of return on assets (accounting-based measure) and market-to-book ratio (market-based measure). Conclusively, obtained results are in line with the notion that firms that employ cost leadership strategy experience tax advantages and increased efficiency through debt financing and/or debt covenants. This study extends the overall understanding on the effects of financial leverage towards performance of firms and how this relationship is moderated by competitive strategy among firms in an emerging market such as Jordan.

Past studies have mostly investigated the significance of financial attributes in trade affairs of developed countries, while dismissing such importance among developing nations. As such, this study looked into the influence of financial leverage upon the growth of Jordanian firms. For that purpose, a sample of 91 firms from Jordan had been analyzed via panel data regression method for the period between 2006 and 2015. As a result, the findings portrayed the irrelevance between financial leverage and growth of assets, but a significantly positive correlation with the growth of sales and employment. On top of that, this study revealed that growth of sales and employment had been significantly and positively correlated with firm size. In short, this study dismissed the speculation the constraint Jordanian firms were in, but on the contrary, displayed the ability to gain external financing to ascertain successful progress.

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This paper investigates the association between CO2 emissions and a range of factors, including electricity consumption, economic growth, urbanization, and trade openness for six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries using data covering the 1965-2019 period. Namely, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar. Contrasting with the standard literature, our empirical strategy uses the wavelet coherence approach on the frequency domain, thought to complement the time-series econometric procedures reported on this topic. Supplied at the country-level, associated evidence presents far-reaching policy recommendations whose applications may directly benefit environmental planning and bring high information value for the sake of sustainable energies in the Gulf region.

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