In this article, the issue of constructing slabs from unified small elements, which are connected together into a stable structure by topological interlocking, is considered. The state-of-the-art methods in this topic are presented, as well as the results of the author's original research. The author has expanded the well-known concept of shaping square slabs from square prefabs by the aggregation of triangular and hexagonal slabs from prefabs in the shape of equilateral triangles, regular hexagons, and rhombuses. Each of the slabs can be modelled with upper and bottom surfaces, either both relief, both smooth, or one relief and the other smooth. The slabs can be modelled in different ways, and each one results in intriguing floor and ceiling patterns. All of the slabs can co-operate with grillages made of steel beams, which can be constructed before filling with the prefabricated slab, which is a novel idea. Reversing the assembly order, as compared to that used in the literature, is made possible thanks to division of these elements into parts, to form a keystone which is inserted into the slab as a final step.Buildings 2020, 10, 76 2 of 23 of 8 × 8 m. As the manufacture of non-uniform elements with precision while ensuring a tight fit is difficult, researchers' efforts have been redirected to finding a solution which allows the construction of a flat vault out of identical elements.The first concepts of flat vaults built from unified small elements were presented in 1699 by Abeille and Truchet [2] and then in 1737 by Frezier [3]. The elements were arranged such that each element supported two other elements and was supported by another two elements. This idea was based on the concept of floor structures made of reciprocal timber beams, which has been known since the 17th century and popularized by Wallis (as Serlio's floors), immediately before the announcement of the mentioned inventions [4]. The differences between the concepts of Abeille, Truchet, and Frezier are manifested in the shapes of the blocks used. Abeille started from a vault characterized by the fact that one of its surfaces is smooth, while the other is relief (Figure 1a). Truchet designed a vault with both smooth surfaces, obtained as a result of the use of blocks with curvilinear edges and non-flat faces (Figure 1b). Frezier found two different straight-edged block shapes, the use of which resulted also in the construction of vaults with two smooth surfaces (Figure 1c,d).
Opracowanie przedstawia koncepcję przedłużenia traktu spacerowego, obejmują-cego Rynek, ulice Kościuszki i 3-go Maja oraz aleje Lubomirskich i Pod Kasztanami w Rzeszowie, w kierunku Ogrodu Miejskiego przy ul. Dąbrowskiego. Koncepcję opracowano w celu włączenia do jednolitego obszaru przestrzeni publicznej mało eksponowanych obszarów o wybitnych w skali Rzeszowa wartościach architektonicznych, historycznych i przyrodniczych. Trasę nowoprojektowanego traktu spacerowego przewiduje się poprowadzić wzdłuż ulicy Kraszewskiego, a po przekroczeniu ul. Unii Lubelskiej prostopadle do ulicy Reformackiej, i dalej prosto w kierunku Ogrodu Miejskiego. W pracy dokonano analizy Ogrodu Miejskiego oraz najbardziej znaczących obiektów położonych wzdłuż projektowanego odcinka szlaku spacerowego. Zwrócono uwagę na możliwości wykorzystania ich walorów dla realizacji istotnych funkcji przestrzeni publicznej. Przedstawiono plan niezbędnych zmian w przestrzeni architektonicznej, wraz z propozycjami konkretnych rozwiązań w tym zakresie. Przedłożono propozycję osłabienia przeszkody na trasie traktu, jaką stanowi ruchliwa ul. Lisa-Kuli, proponując przeniesienie części ruchu samochodowego do tunelu wybudowanego pod obecną jezdnią, a tym samym przywrócenie ulicy jej pierwotnej skali urbanistycznej. Wymienione propozycje zostały zaprezentowane w opracowaniach urbanistycznych oraz rysunkach wizualizacyjnych. Projekt przedłużenia traktu spacerowego w obszarze historycznego centrum, wychodzi naprzeciw potrzebom miasta Rzeszowa. W mieście występuje deficyt właściwie zagospodarowanej przestrzeni publicznej, odpowiedniej dla realizacji aktywności społecznej mieszkańców oraz kształtującej ich tożsamość i poczucie przynależności do lokalnej społeczności.
This article deals with the problem of multi-family housing implemented in the 1950s in Poland. Buildings from this period are located in the central districts of cities, and are well-connected and equipped with service infrastructure, but due to the small size of these flats, their low standard and poor technical condition, they are not sufficiently attractive for middle-class people and developing families. The consequence of this is the social selection of residents and the disappearance of neighborly relations. In this article, the authors present a balance sheet of the shortcomings and advantages of these buildings, and against the background of contemporary requirements for housing, resulting from the theory of sustainable development, they indicate possible directions for modernization. Detailed solutions are presented for a specific housing complex located in Rzeszów. The development of flat roofs and the introduction of functions integrating the community of residents are the significant elements of the project. Due to the fact that the functional layouts of stories, the structure of buildings, and to a large extent the spatial arrangement of residential complexes were unified in the 1950s throughout the whole country, the presented concept may serve as inspiration for similar projects undertaken in any other city in Poland.
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