Statement of Problem:Although ceramic veneered on to zirconia core have been in use for quite some time, information regarding the comparative evaluation of the Shear bond strength of Pressable & Layered ceramic veneered on to zirconia core is limited.Purpose of study:To evaluate the shear bond strength of zirconia core and ceramic veneer fabricated by two different techniques, Layering (Noritake CZR) and Pressing (Noritake, CZR Press).Materials and Method:20 samples of zirconia blocks were fabricated and the samples were divided into group A & B. Group A - Ceramic Veneered over zirconia core by pressing using Noritake CZR Press. Group B - Ceramic Veneered over zirconia core by layering using Noritake CZR. The veneered specimens were mounted on to the center of a PVC tube using self-cure acrylic resin leaving 3 mm of the veneered surface exposed as cantilever. Using a Universal testing machine the blocks were loaded up to failure.Result:The results were tabulated by using independent samples t-test. The mean shear bond strength for Pressed specimens was 12.458 ± 1.63(S.D) MPa and for layered specimens was 8.458 ± 0.845(S.D) MPa.Conclusion:Pressed specimens performed significantly better than the layered specimen with a P value 0.001. Clinicians and dental laboratory technicians should consider the use of pressed ceramics as an alternative to traditional layering procedures to reduce the chances of chipping or de-lamination of ceramics

Effect of plant growth regulators on seed germination and seedling characters in terms of root length and shoot length. The seeds of sesame variety TVM -1 were treated with different concentration of gibberlic acid (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg/l) and indole acetic acid (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg/l). From the results, it was observed that the GA 3 and IAA at 2.0mg/l had regulatory effect on seed germination and seedling characters. Maximum germination, root length and shoot length was observed at 2.0mg/l in GA 3 and 2.0mg/l in IAA than control. And GA 3 at 2.0gm/l was found to be more efficient to modify seed germination and seedling characters when compared to IAA and control.

The experiment was undertaken with an objective to investigate the effect of various concentrations of plant growth regulators, i.e., Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) and Indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) on seed germination of Macrotyloma uniflorum. Seeds were soaked for 12 hours in different concentrations substances (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg/L) of IAA, GA 3 and control set was soaked only in distilled water. Three replicates of each treatment with fifty seeds per replicate were arranged for precise physiological analysis. Significant variation was found in all aspects after analysis of variance (ANOVA) of each mean value. After two weeks of seed soaking, it was noted that germination percentages were significantly accelerated by lower concentrations (1 and 2 mg) of used hormones. Amongst the two potential growth regulators, 2 mg/L was found most effective because it showed highest germination percentage for IAA (93%) and GA 3 (88%). A great deal of information relating to seed germination practices shows that these plant growth regulators were efficient in overcoming dormancy leading to rapid seed germination. IAA was selected as best hormone in this study, which showed highest seed germination (93%).

Root pruning is a horticultural practice from ages ago that has potential benefits on tree crop growth regulation and production. It is followed in orchards as a growth control mechanism of vigorously growing fruit trees. The growth regulation in trees is brought about by many physiological mechanisms involving water stress and assimilates partitioning to maintain the root: shoot equilibrium. Root pruning of structural roots increases the function and efficiency of functional roots in trees. It is widely practiced in transplanting of saplings which ensures better establishment. Time and selection of the distance from the trunk by root pruning may play an important role not only on vigour control but also on vegetative response and flower induction, fruit set; hence, they should be addressed as well. However, it will require additional experience, horticultural insight and better understanding of the physiological basis of the technique. It favours the large-scale adoption of root pruning in perennial fruit crops under high-density planting system in order to regulate the canopy size and regular bearing.